d. create an ideal set of genes. Conditioning, or a type of associative learning, occurs when two separate events become connected. a. 163. Racial and ethnic minorities must contend with prejudice, discrimination, racism, economic hardships, etc. In explaining why women are diagnosed with anxiety disorders and depression twice as often as men, multicultural therapists would focus on: prejudice and discrimination faced by women. The biological treatment known as psychosurgery would MOST likely be used in the treatment of a patient with: a. a severe disorder that is also associated with a high risk of suicide. c. unconditional positive regard. Clarify what psychodynamic techniques are used. Outside of phobias, desensitization has been shown to be effective in the treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder symptoms (Hakimian and Souza, 2016) and limitedly with the treatment of depression when co-morbid with OCD (Masoumeh and Lancy, 2016). 138. Pavlov realized some stimuli automatically elicited responses (such as salivating to meat powder) and other stimuli had to be paired with these automatic associations for the animal or person to respond to it (such as salivating to a bell). What he discovered was the dogs would salivate even before the meat powder was presented. This criticism would be true of behaviorisms first two stages, though sociobehaviorism steered away from this proposition and even fought against any mechanistic leanings of behaviorists. as part of their daily life and this can lead to disordered behavior (Lo & Cheng, 2014; Jones, Cross, & DeFour, 2007; Satcher, 2001), though some research suggests that ethnic identity can buffer against these stressors and protect mental health (Mossakowski, 2003). The model of abnormality that examines the effects of society and culture is the _____ model. 110. Respondent conditioning (also called classical or Pavlovian conditioning) occurs when we link a previously neutral stimulus with a stimulus that is unlearned or inborn, called an unconditioned stimulus. 2.2.2.2. The orientation of the author of this quote is MOST likely: a. cognitive-behavioral. Freud considered the talking cure of Anna O. to be the origin of psychoanalytic therapy and what would come to be called the cathartic method. What is that factor? In this case, extinction continues. b. a. The term covers a broad range of disorders, from depression to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) to personality disorders. All of the following are leading kinds of biological treatments used today EXCEPT: a. drug therapy. It sends brief electrical currents through the brain, stimulating a seizure. According to Freud, consciousness had three levels (consciousness, preconscious, and the unconscious), personality had three parts (the id, ego, and superego), personality developed over five stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital), there are ten defense mechanisms to protect the ego such as repression and sublimation, and finally three assessment techniques (free association, transference, and dream analysis) could be used to understand the personalities of his patients and expose repressed material. e. Models of abnormality are general hypotheses as to the nature of psychological abnormalities. We take the information just detected and use it to assign people to categories, or groups. The pairing must occur more than once so that needless pairings are not learned such as someone farting right before your food comes out and now you salivate whenever someone farts (at least for a while. b. psychoanalysis. The procedure in Panel C continued with the rabbit being brought a bit closer each time until, eventually, the child did not respond with distress to the rabbit (Panel D). b. classic Freudian psychotherapy. d. client-centered therapy. b. cognitive-behavioral Since your Italian professor did not provide a study guide, you didnt study for the midterm. Next, help the client stop thinking these thoughts and replace them with more rational ones. With each subsequent escape and re-insertion into the box, the cat became faster at correctly manipulating the levers. Students also viewed PSY 381 Chapter 2 Hence, we advocate for a multi-dimensional and not a uni-dimensional model. b. Then write a few balanced statements such as the one the article suggests, Ive made some mistakes that I feel embarrassed about, but a lot of the time, I make good choices.. d. fixation. We can also ask the patient probing questions, seek information from family members, examine medical records, and in time, organize and process all this information to better understand the persons condition and potential causes. b. transference. Evaluate the usefulness of the behavioral model. Genetic issues and explanations. Humanists and existentialists both agree that: a. psychological dysfunction is caused by self-deception. The defense mechanism that BEST explains his behavior is: a. rationalization. The critical thing to understand here is that there is a belief in the realm of mental health that chemical imbalances are responsible for many mental disorders. b. c. depression. d. It focuses on educational goals rather than therapeutic purposes. As opposed to the medical model, which emphasizes mental illness as . b. brain stimulation. The central nervous system (CNS) is the control center for the nervous system, which receives, processes, interprets, and stores incoming sensory information. 46. 117. Solved which statement about catergorical vs dimensions | Chegg.com A psychologist from which background would agree MOST strongly with this statement? Clarify how specific areas of the brain are involved in mental illness. Like schemas, the attributions we make can lead us astray. d. development of sociopathic tendencies. Operant conditioning is a type of associate learning which focuses on consequences that follow a response or behavior that we make (anything we do, say, or think/feel) and whether it makes a behavior more or less likely to occur. Also, many treatment techniques have been developed and proven to be effective over the years. Many disorders have genetic roots, are a result of hormonal imbalances, or caused by viral infections such as strep. A therapist who believes people often hide from their responsibilities and therefore often feel alienated, depressed, and inauthentic would MOST likely be described as: a. humanistic. d. understand how beliefs and values are related to behaviors. Environmental factors also play a role in the development of mental illness. It leads us to adopt our parents values as we come to realize that many of the ids impulses are unacceptable. Supporters of the medical model consequently consider symptoms to be outward signs of the inner physical disorder and believe that if symptoms are grouped together and classified into . It influences blood pressure, thirst, contractions of the uterus during childbirth, milk production, sexual behavior and interest, body growth, the amount of water in the bodys cells, and other functions as well. First, Freud made most of his observations in an unsystematic, uncontrolled way, and he relied on the case study method. c. operant conditioning. b. humanistic. Neurotransmitter imbalances and problems with brain structures/areas can result in mental disorders. In the case of respondent conditioning, stimuli exert complete and automatic control over some behaviors. a. cognitive-behavioral b. psychodynamic c. sociocultural d. humanistic-existential, 8. Some researchers have manipulated the behaviors and thoughts of study participants to create clinical-like symptoms. When Mathias did not get a job for which he applied, he was sure that everything was going wrong, that his life was completely off track. Behaviorally test your thought. Though not neurons, glial cells play an important part in helping the nervous system to be the efficient machine that it is. We will cover this process in three parts. d. object relations. 2.3.2.4. The existential perspective. Respondent conditioning (also called classical or Pavlovian conditioning) occurs when we link a previously neutral stimulus with a stimulus that is unlearned or inborn, called an unconditioned stimulus. Second, the participants in his studies were not representative of the broader population. Cognitive-behavioral approaches used to treat social anxiety disorder aim to: a. increase positive self-talk and decrease risk taking. If a mother seems excessively involved in her child's life such that the two do not seem to be independent people, their relationship is said to be: Theory focused on the behaviors people exhibit and the thoughts they have is usually described as: Ashley is a pole-vaulter who is ready for her event. The results of this study led him to conclude that _____ greatly affects mental illness. This is an example of: Providing treatment as soon as it is needed so problems that are moderate or worse do not become long-term issues is called: Failure to treat many people with severe disturbances appropriately is MOST often a problem with which level of prevention? This should sound much like what you just read about in terms of Thorndikes work. Why is this important to a discussion of psychopathology? 24. 59. A theorist who believes that the multicultural perspective is the correct way to think about abnormality comes from which paradigm? If it receives sufficient stimulation, causing the polarity inside the neuron to rise from -70 mV to -55mV (. Key Components of Reinforcement Schedules. The somatic nervous system allows for voluntary movement by controlling the skeletal muscles and carries sensory information to the CNS. a. existential Respondent conditioning. d. Freud. d. indicator of psychological conflict. c. operant conditioning. First, we cannot pay attention to everything going on around us. If we are not motivated to perform an observed behavior, we probably will not show what we have learned. Its a simple strategy, but an important one. Flooding and desensitization are typical respondent conditioning procedures used with phobias, and modeling arises from social learning theory and observational learning. This therapy is BEST described as: a. relational psychoanalytic therapy. The diathesis-stress model of abnormality emphasizes that: abnormality arises from an interaction between stress and predisposition. Second, consider the very interesting social psychology topic attribution theory, or the idea that people are motivated to explain their own and other peoples behavior by attributing causes of that behavior to personal reasons or dispositional factors that are in the person themselves or linked to some trait they have; or situational factors that are linked to something outside the person. 2.3.1.1. The client is classically conditioned to associate drinking with the negative experience of vomiting. So, it is better to subscribe to a multi-dimensional model that integrates multiple causes of psychopathology and affirms that each cause comes to affect other causes over time. According to psychoanalysts, if a patient relives past repressed feelings, that patient is said to have experienced: a. repression. The fundamental unit of the nervous system is the neuron, or nerve cell (See Figure 2.3). 143. The nucleus is the control center of the neuron, and the soma is the cell body. This perspective is part of the behavioral humanistic O psychodynamic O d. comitive Which of the following statements regarding the abnormal behavior of faulty perceptions or interpretations of reality is TRUE? Freuds psychodynamic theory made a lasting impact on the field of psychology but also has been criticized heavily. d. genes. Brooklyn learns to turn on the TV by watching her older brother turn it on. However, people can build up a tolerance to benzodiazepines if they are taken over a long period of time and may need higher and higher doses to get the same effect. Side effects include drowsiness, dizziness, nausea, difficulty urinating, and irregular heartbeat, to name a few. d. caution the patient against using religious-based counseling services. became involved in the German Feminist movement, and in 1904 founded the League of Jewish Women. c. deep brain stimulation. A patient has social anxiety disorder. Nikolai runs past, grabs some of the cookies, and runs away. b. the pleasure principle. PSYC 1101 Review for Chapter 12 - Subjecto.com c. cognitive-behavioral therapy. This is in accord with what Freud called: a. reflex. c. Sessions are primarily conducted in a virtual environment. The humanistic perspective, or third force psychology (psychoanalysis and behaviorism being the other two forces), emerged in the 1960s and 1970s as an alternative viewpoint to the largely deterministic view of personality espoused by psychoanalysis and the view of humans as machines advocated by behaviorism. More on that over the next two sections. 151. d. people who are more devout are also psychologically healthier. A behavioral psychologist would say that the temper tantrums result from: a. unresolved intrapsychic conflict. Her therapy is MOST likely: a. gestalt therapy. d. classical conditioning. Individuals in this situation are unsure of what they feel, value, or need leading to dysfunction and the need for therapy. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: a. projection. Understanding a person's unconscious processes is critical in explaining abnormality. 2.2.1.1. Which of the following is NOT an example of diathesis in the diathesis-stress explanation of. c. psychodynamic d. the ways in which women express their femininity. a. For instance, evidence suggests that contracting strep throat, an infection in the throat and tonsils caused by bacteria called group A Streptococcus (for more on strep throat, please visit https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-public/strep-throat.html), can lead to the development of OCD, Tourettes syndrome, and tic disorder in children (Mell, Davis, & Owens, 2005; Giedd et al., 2000; Allen et al., 1995; https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-perfectionists-handbook/201202/can-infections-result-in-mental-illness). The paradigms are sometimes in conflict. c. A boy is internally motivated to put forth his best effort on his science project. b. humanistic-existential. First, free association involves the patient describing whatever comes to mind during the session. The goal of therapy is to wean patients from their childlike dependency on the therapist. A health care provider prescribes disulfiram (Antabuse) for a client with alcoholism. In the past, we have conducted trephination and lobotomies, neither of which are used today. In Module 2, we first distinguished uni- and multi-dimensional models of abnormality and made a case that the latter was better to subscribe to. They are open to experience, live every moment to the fullest, are creative, accepts responsibility for their decisions, do not derive their sense of self from others, strive to maximize their potential, and are self-actualized. Did it start again and your parents could not figure out why? A boy believes that he is deserving of love only when he earns good grades. However, keep in mind that we do not model everything we see. 137. David Rosenhan sent pseudopatients to a mental hospital, where they pretended to be disturbed. c. psychodynamic-gestalt. d. short-term psychodynamic therapy. The so-called new wave of cognitive therapy differs from traditional cognitive therapy in that it emphasizes: a. challenging irrational cognitions. a. psychoanalysis. Dealing with anxiety. She is very open about herself and shares her thoughts and opinions freely. d. sociocultural. Module 6: Dissociative Disorders - Fundamentals of Psychological Disorders This model dismisses the effect of nonbiological factors on behavior. Chapter 3 Flashcards by Burton Dwight | Brainscape Show: All Cards 109 1 The earliest major psychological model of abnormal behavior was the cognitive model 2 Attempts to understand the biological basis of depression has linked it to imbalances in -norepinephrine and serotonin 3 Fannie goes to a humanist therapist. But women may experience these illnesses differently certain symptoms may be more common in women than in men, and the course of the illness can be affected by the sex of the individual. You might make the case that some of the side effects are worse than the condition they are treating. b. a distorted view of the self. Over time, he begins to understand how events in his early life have impacted how he functions now. b. family therapy. a. religion causes people to deal better with the challenges of life. b. exposure therapy. a. existential b. humanistic c. sociocultural d. behavior-focused, 139. In 1935, Bertha was diagnosed with a tumor, and in 1936, she was summoned by the Gestapo to explain anti-Hitler statements she had allegedly made. Nikolai runs past, grabs some of the cookies, and runs away. Why might this treatment be effective in preventing alcohol use even after the client stops taking the drug? Check out the following from Harvard Health for more on depression and the brain as a cause: Other Books in the Discovering Psychology Series, Module 3: Clinical Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment, Module 5: Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders, Module 8: Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders, Module 9: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, Module 11: Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders, Module 12: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders, Module 15: Contemporary Issues in Psychopathology, Instructor Resources Instructions - READ FIRST, 2.1. More specifically, cognitive distortions/maladaptive cognitions can take the following forms: 2.3.3.5. When we try to establish how abnormality develops, we need to consider how individuals deal with the meaning of life and with the value they find in living. b. d. people who avoid responsibility for their lives and decisions live inauthentic lives. Biological theorists view abnormal behavior as a(n): a. illness. Biological Treatments for Psychological Abnormalities 42. BIO 205 Flashcards | Quizlet A therapist identifies a biological factor in a patient with depression. Can our schemas lead us astray or be false? We then discussed biological, psychological, and sociocultural models of abnormality. The therapist focuses only on issues specifically related to this problem. Research on the relationship between religious beliefs and psychological health shows that people: a. without any religious belief are the healthiest. a. behavioral b. sociocultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 6. Evaluating psychodynamic theory. d. latent content. If you believe focusing on a problem generates a solution, then write down each time you ruminate and the result. Communication in the nervous system. c. at one time what is now often labeled abnormal behavior actually helped humans survive. The psychologist who would MOST closely agree with this statement would be described as: Brooklyn learns to turn on the TV by watching her older brother turn it on. Most people who receive couple therapy report no real improvement in their functioning. She has developed depression due to a serotonin deficiency. 2.2.2. The genes responsible for anxiety disorders or related psychological patterns are the same genes that once helped our ancestors survive and reproduce. 22. It is difficult to gain informed consent from individuals with mental illness. The results of this study led him to conclude that _____ greatly affects mental illness. Prescribing an antidepressant medication such as paroxetine. Based on related research, we would expect this person to have a _____ number of offline friends and to _____ share information with them. Depersonalization can be defined as a feeling of unreality or detachment from oneself. He avoids visiting friends with dogs and crosses the street if he sees a person walking a dog coming his way. The next morning, researchers placed a hungry cat in the puzzle box and set a small amount of food outside the box, just close enough to be smelled. c. limitations of a focus on ethnicity. A man has cheated on his partner and he feels very guilty, but soon he begins to make excuses, saying that his partner has nagged him for years. b. modeling. There is no individual model that completely explains human behavior and so each model contributes in its own way. Resistance and transference are terms most likely used by which model? 164. Which model of abnormality cites physical processes as being the key to behavior? d. early life experiences shape one's later behavior. c. insert RNA into genes. These two cases demonstrate what principle of developmental psychopathology? c. psychosurgery. All of the models include an element of the biological model. A patient has loss of neurons in the cortex and the basal ganglia. Which type of theorist would focus on the athletes illogical thinking process as a key factor in her subsequent poor performance? c. identify the client's unreasonable ideas and feelings. bodily sensations. First, the response is made, and nothing happens. a. psychodynamic b. behavioral c. humanist-existential d. sociocultural. This process is called counterconditioning, or the reversal of previous learning. 157. Module 2: Models of Abnormal Psychology by Washington State University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. c. mitigate unacceptable impulses. When a young child yells and throws toys (i.e., throws a temper tantrum), the parents give the child a good deal of attention. Counselors, clinical psychologists, and psychotherapists often work directly in . With its emphasis on abstract human values and responsibility, the humanistic-existential model does all of the following EXCEPT: a. resonate with many people who are eager to explore these issues. a. starting treatment for a diagnosed mental health condition b. passing out educational materials that describe modifiable risk factors for mental illness c. providing routine mental health screenings, followed by immediate intervention as needed d. advocating for federal legislation that protects individuals mental health in the workplace.
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