As Phillip was a devout Catholic, he disliked Elizabeths religious settlement and Protestanism. Mary became the inspiration for frequent revolts and rebellions, as it suddenly appeared possible that Elizabeth could be realistically replaced by a legitimate Catholic heir. Those involved planned for an invasion of England by French troops and were financed by Phillip II of Spain and the Pope. However, the Catholic Church bans divorce which presented a problem for Henry as he could not legally get rid of Catherine. Their union had brought peace between Spain and England, and Elizabeth's Privy Council hoped to maintain this. Elizabeth I - reigned from 1558-1603 Elizabeth I's first rebellion to deal with was the Shane O'Neill Rebellion, which occurred in Ireland and lasted from 1558-1567. Roberto di Ridolfi was an Italian banker who played a small role in the Revolt of the Northern Earls. Also, the activities of English pirates', who looted Spanish ships, caused problems between Spain and England. By 1568 most people had accepted. As with the 1569 plot, she would marry the Duke of Norfolk. He even came to England to meet Elizabeth and she even announced before some of her courtiers that she would marry him. Philip IIs decision to reorganise the Dutch government and church angered both the Dutch Catholics and the Protestants. A number of Catholic plots to remove Elizabeth in the 1570s and 1580s had his involvement although he was reluctant and half-hearted in their execution. You may use the following in your answer: France and Elizabeth's legitimacy (16 marks) 'Religion was the main cause of the . English direct involvement in the Netherlands, 1585-88. The treaty also stated that Mary would give up her claim to the English throne, although this was not formally agreed by Mary. England had lost the last of her territories in France during the reign of Mary, when Calais was lost. Mary was forced to flee following her unsuccessful attempt to win back her Scottish throne. The Spanish responded by doing the same to the English. Elizabeth was in debt, she was unmarried and therefore had no alliances to help her counter the Auld Alliance (which would have been a concern even if Mary Queen of Scots and Prince Francis were not married and even if Mary had no claim to the throne). The failure of the colonisation was due to: the resistance of the Native Americans; conflict amongst the English settlers (who collectively had the wrong mix of skills to make the settlement a real success); the loss of supplies via the damage incurred on The Tiger and the fact that the voyage set off too late for crops to be planted (causing dependence on the rightfully suspicious Native Americans). Anne Boleyn (L), Henry VIII (C) and Elizabeth I (R) Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. This was viewed as significant because it was seen as a means to increase trade, to expand Protestantism and to use the area as a base for attacks on Spanish colonies in the New World. Learning of the Spanish plans to build an Armada and invade England, Drakes mission was to try and stop this. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. Elizabeth wasnt able to publically acknowledge his achievements and when the Spanish Armada attempted to invade England in 1588, he was the vice-admiral in command of the English fleet that helped successfully defend the attack. Her forty-five year reign was constantly under threat, which makes the fact that she was able to overcome these for forty-five years even more remarkable. She was able to fight off illness, rebellions . They Schools can qualify for all our resources for free. He also used double agents to infiltrate Catholic networks. Anthony Babington, an English Catholic, wrote to Mary about the plot. Instead, both men preferred to negotiate a settlement. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. The threat posed by the pretenders Perkin Warbeck and Lambert Simnel. There are 4 main exam boards which are AQA, Edexcel (Pearson), OCR and How To Revise For GCSE Psychology The ultimate step-by-step guide for students, teachers and private students. Spain and France were the major European powers. Elizabeth's greatest problem in 1558 was the threat of invasion. When Elizabeth's reign began in 1558 England was in the middle of a 'mid-Tudor crisis'. Elizabeth faced many problems upon her accession to her throne in 1558 and, whilst the question of legitimacy was important, the immediate concerns of debt, as well as the threat from France and Scotland were of far greater significance as they instantly impacted upon her ability to rule. 1) In 1557, Mary I took England to war with France to support her husband who was already fighting the French. If Elizabeth made England a Protestant country, he could become a dangerous enemy. This meant her ability to govern from the outset was immediately hampered. Spymaster and Secretary of State from 1573 Francis Walsingham uncovered the plot. They believed privy council members such as William Cecil had become too powerful and instead wanted to remove those they deemed evil and replace them with councillors more sympathetic to their causes. Phillip II of Spain proposed marriage to Elizabeth. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. Coronation: 15 January 1559, Westminster Abbey. The answer does touch upon the issue of religion but this could be extended further to acknowledge the extensive divisions within society given the preceding tumultuous changes (a brief mention of the role of the puritans for example could help). - send 2000 to rebels. - Significant political threat as her legitimacy and gender led to people not accepting her as queen. Importantly though, the arrival of Mary Queen of Scots in England did more to embolden the threat of Catholicism. To know the dates for your GCSE exams for 2020, you firstly need to identify which exam board you are studying for your subject. J. This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. JPs provided the able-bodied with raw materials (like wool) to make items to sell. 1559 - cateau cambresis, menacing position of french in scotland. Queen Elizabeth had become aware of this plan and in 1587, sent her most successful privateer, Sir Francis Drake, to spy on Spanish preparations and attack their ships and supplies. In July, the Spanish fleet was seen off Cornwall and signal fires known as beacons were lit along the south coast to send the news to the Elizabeth who was in London. In October 1586, Mary was found guilty of treason and sentenced to death. Elizabeth made England protestant, which caused tension with the rest of Europe as they were heavily catholic (such as Spain and France). This focused on dividing the poor into the able-bodied and the impotent. LS23 6AD Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. They were not able to do this because the English used their greater manoeuvrability to stay out of range while firing broadsides (massive barrages of cannonballs) that could sink the Spanish ships. One factor Elizabeth had to face, which was seen as a huge disadvantage, was her gender. Queen Elizabeth has confiscated large portions of land from the Earl of Northumberland and given it his main rivals in the north and south who were both Protestant. The plan was supported by various Catholic nobles, including the Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland as this would mean Elizabeth (a Protestant) could be succeeded by a Catholic queen. Describe two features of the Puritan challenge 6. The raid on Cadiz proved to be a major setback for King Phillips plans to invade England and delayed the Armada by more than a year. As the closest person to God in the eyes of the Catholics, obeying the Pope was of paramount importance and this meant Elizabeth had to be suspicious of other Catholic threats at home. This led to a rampage of Spanish soldiers and the sacking of Antwerp. I think I'm about to officially choose the Uni im going to but I'm not 100% sur, HELP, Official Imperial College 2023 Undergraduate Applicants Thread, Official Cambridge Postgraduate Applicants 2023 Thread, Plucking Serene Dreams From Golden Trees. The Pope, as head of the Catholic Church, could rally support for these plots and for some Catholics, obeying the Pope was more important than obedience to Elizabeth. There are many reasons for this, including interference in English affairs from the Pope, Elizabeth's role in the Dutch revolt (which angered Catholic Spain), Mary Queen of Scots' arrival in England in 1568 and the rebellion in 1569 that was led by the Catholic Earls Northumberland and Westmoreland. There are 4 main exam boards used in the UK. Company Reg no: 04489574. This helps to explain why Elizabeth had to deal with so many plots, the intention of which was to replace Elizabeth with Mary. Francis Drake led an attack at Cadiz on the Spanish fleet, who were preparing for an invasion of the English. Philip II and the Pope supported the plot that would involve the invasion of England by the Duke of Guise. Although her small kingdom was threatened by grave internal divisions, Elizabeth's blend of shrewdness, courage, and majestic self-display inspired ardent expressions of loyalty and helped unify the nation against foreign enemies. The English Catholics now had no-one they could rally around and effectively lost hope of ever replacing Elizabeth. There were French troops in Scotland, and this posed a problem for Elizabeth and the security of England because England was still technically at war with France. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - conclusion. With the seemingly imminent war between Spain only a matter of time, Elizabeth was determined to rid England of the enemy within. The fear of a Catholic uprising and a plot against Elizabeth was a constant threat to her. From 1574, with the help of the Pope, Catholic priests were also being smuggled into England to continue the spread of the Catholic faith. King Phillip saw the signing of the 1585 Treaty of Nonsuch as a declaration fo war on Spain and in response, he began to build a huge fleet of ships known as an Armada to invade England with. The Armada sailed up the Channel in a defensive crescent formation which used the large armed galleons to protect the weaker supply ships and infantry ships. She's regarded as one of the greatest monarchs of England. Reasons why Philip used the Spanish Armada. A war would have to involve invasion because after 1558 England had no possessions in mainland Europe (Calais had been lost in 1558). 2022 Youth Conference - post conference 4 month challenge! West Yorkshire, How To Revise For GCSE Psychology Step-by-Step, Chapter 3:Elizabethan society in the Age of Exploration, 155888. She changed the church back to Anglican and it has been the official . From there we will look at the career . and reversing the religious settlement. Use your outline When Elizabeth I acquired the English throne in 1558, many believed due to the religious decisions of her predecessors, dating back to Henry VIII's reign, Elizabeth had inherited a country that was predominantly Catholic in belief. This was seen as a huge blow for English pride as England had territory in France for hundreds of years. Approximately 30 ships were destroyed and tonnes of supplies were also seized including food and weapons. Elizabeth and Philipthese two powerful peoplewould begin their relationship peacefully, even warmly, but they would become enemies, facing off in a battle of empires and faiths that would . Both could be serious threats to Elizabeths England. Guy states that Northumberland's success in foreign policy was due to ending Somerset's wars . France, Spain and Scotland were all Catholic countries in 1558. In 1560, Scotland was ruled by Elizabeth's cousin called Mary Queen of Scots (MQS). The defeat of the Northern Earls showed there was little appetite for a Catholic revolution. In 1558, England and Spain were still allies against France, but King Philip of Spain (who had been married to Mary) hated Protestantism with a passion. The English ships moved in for the attack and the following battle lasted several hours with 5 Spanish ships having been sunk. Their complete failure effectively ended any threat Spain posed to the English. The plots to overthrow Elizabeth failed for a number of reasons such as: Elizabeth was actually popular which meant those conspiring to overthrow her lacked public support. Even though a truce was decided, there was still a constant threat from the Scots and French to the English security . The plot was uncovered by Sir Francis Walsingham, who intercepted and read Babingtons letters to Mary. Pope refused to accept the divorce and marriage and as a result Catholics in England in 1558 did not accept Elizabeth as a legitimate monarch. Spouse: None. 806 8067 22 Registered Office: Imperial House, 2nd Floor, 40-42 Queens Road, Brighton, East Sussex, BN1 3XB, Taking a break or withdrawing from your course. They began to revolt against the Spanish. Elizabeth I - the last Tudor monarch - was born at Greenwich on 7 September 1533, the daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. . The English army was also poorly equipped and Elizabeth did not provide sufficient funds to pay for the English troops. Spain depended on large ships which were heavy and difficult to handle whereas the English built long, narrow ships that were faster and easier to handle. LS23 6AD Elizabeth lived quietly at her . Become a Member | Overall then, despite the question of legitimacy being extremely important due to the fact that Elizabeth could not count on the support of many English Catholics and the fact that it allowed a rival in Scotland to have claims to the throne, the immediate concerns of Elizabeth were of a more practical nature. Mary was spared. Oct 12, 2019 83 Dislike Podpast 106 subscribers Recap and review of the problems Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. Between the period between 1577 and 1580, Drake sailed around the world and carried out a number of raids on Spanish settlements and ships. In 1568, a final blow came when some Spanish ships were blown off course into English waters, and the English seized them. As long as Mary was alive, the plots could always be deemed credible and many Catholics secretly wanted a return to Catholocism. This risked provoking King Phillip further and to avoid this, Elizabeth forced Dudley to resign his position immediately. During Drakes raid, he captured more than 1000 tons of planks made from seasoned wood, which was needed to make the barrels used to carry food and water. The plot was uncovered whilst Ridolfi was abroad (he never returned). English ships were went on many voyages of discovery and established valuable trade routes with India and the far east. This was a huge sum of money, especially when you consider the annual income of the Crown was approximately 286,000. A very detailed response which demonstrates excellent subject knowledge and reaches a clear judgement based on justifiable criteria. July 31st: Battle of Plymouth two Spanish ships were captured. Elizabeth and James VI agreed to maintain Protestantism as their respective countries religion. Elizabeth had also reduced the power of the northern nobles and increased her own control over the north through the Council of the North, which helped govern the area. Parma and his men, however, were being blockaded by Dutch ships and werent able to reach the coast in time. Boston House, Looking back at historical examples, it might be because they did a . The news of the rebellion caused widespread. The Act of Supremacy The queen's reassertion of control over religious matters was achieved via the April 1559 CE Act of Supremacy, once more closing the door on the Pope. She was the last monarch of the Tudor period. This issue of divorce creates problems for Catholics. The relationship with Spain and King Phillip II was at a low point in 1587 as the two countries were at war over the Netherlands. This peace treaty between England and France ended the war inherited by Elizabeth from her half-sister Mary I, who went to war alongside her Spanish husband Philip II in 1557. However, it should be noted that one reason for the eventual crushing of the revolt is because the vast majority of Catholics in the north stayed loyal to Elizabeth and did not revolt, suggesting that Elizabeth did not face a threat from all Catholics within England, but enough of a threat to be permanently suspicious. There were fewer naval ships anchored there and the port was the centre for a large number of naval supplies which Drake intended to either seize or destroy. The answer does touch upon the issue of religion but this could be extended further to acknowledge the extensive divisions within society given the preceding tumultuous changes (a brief mention of the role of the puritans for example could help). This Papal Bull meant that the loyalty of English Catholics towards Elizabeth was now always in doubt and placed a wedge between the English Catholics monarch and their faith. With the Popes blessing, foreign Catholic priests were smuggled into England with the sole purpose of continuing recusancy amongst the English Catholics and undermining the influence of Protestantism. Over the last 40 years there had been 3 different rulers, Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I all of which had very different views on religion and running the country. The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeth's predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. -Threats from Catholics in the middle years were significant e.g. Which three countries were a threat to England and Elizabeth? However, there were other challenges facing Elizabeth. Mary served as a permanent reminder at home and abroad that there was a legitimate Catholic heir to the throne and, with the Popes blessing, willing Catholic rebels could convince themselves they were doing Gods work. This was because the society was very patriarchal, male dominated, meaning that she . Describe two threats posed by Mary Queen of Scots to Elizabeth in 1568 4. Tensions in the Netherlands increased greatly between 1576 and 1584. This time, however, the evidence gathered by Walsingham was enough to persuade Elizabeth to put Mary on trial. One was debt. This aimed to ensure poor relief was collected. The defeat of the Northern Earls showed there was little appetite for a Catholic revolution. . Moreover, when Henry executed Anne Boleyn in 1536, Henry VIII himself declared Elizabeth illegitimate (although this situation was later reversed). The imprisonment owed to her likely involvement in the murder of her second husband, Lord Darnley. This increased tension between England and Spain. In all, whilst the Catholic threat was increased through Elizabeths interference with the Dutch revolt, as it incurred the anger of the Spanish, it was Mary Queen of Scots presence that emboldened the Catholic threat. There are many reasons for this, including interference in English affairs from the Pope, Elizabeths role in the Dutch revolt (which angered Catholic Spain), Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England in 1568 and the rebellion in 1569 that was led by the Catholic Earls Northumberland and Westmoreland. To counter homelessness and the begging/criminal activity that sometimes accompanied this, a law was passed that stated that, if found, vagrants were: 1) to be whipped and have a hole drilled through each ear 2) if found a second time would be imprisoned 3) would be killed if found a third time. Elizabeth couldn't restore authority and teachings of the Pope. King Philip of Spain sent an. The French were Catholic but did not have the same hostility to English Protestantism as Spain was. Not many Englishmen were granted licenses and therefore Elizabeth would encourage privateers, men who sailed their own ships, to trade illegally with the Spanish colonies. Babington and other known plotters were hanged, drawn and quartered. Many expected a decisive battle between Henry II and Philip II. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. Spanish invasion plans. Am I doing my History A-Level coursework correctly? To study the ways in which Henry consolidated his rule. See our A-Level Essay Example on To what extent should changes in the relationship between monarchy and parliament from 1529 to 1640 be seen as arising from divisions over the future of the church?, British History: Monarchy & Politics now at Marked By Teachers. Here is a summary timeline of key events for students taking Early Elizabethan England (1558-88). Marys permanent presence in England meant that she was a rallying point for many Catholics, who believed she had a stronger claim to the English throne than Elizabeth. After Anne Boleyn was executed, Henry had the marriage annulled, effectively meaning that it never happened. The Duke of Norfolk was arrested and executed however Mary was not punished beyond her supervision being made tighter. The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, finally removed the on-going threat at home from Catholics who wanted to replace Elizabeth with her. No Payment details required and completelyRisk Free. Before she came to the throne her mother Mary of Guise ruled Scotland while she remained in France married to the French prince Francis. Marys clear awareness and support of the Babington plot led to her being sentenced to death in October 1586. "The Scarlet Ibis" would be a different story if it were told from Doodle's point of view. He also had a big empire in North and South America and by 1581, he had also become King of Portugal which gave him control of the important Atlantic port of Lisbon. These privateers also raided Spanish ships and attacked the treasure fleets that carried gold and silver from the Americas to Spain. The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeths predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. This partly explained why harsher treatment of Catholics occurred soon after, led by the Council of the North. Boston Spa, Best Answer. The victory over the Spanish boosted Elizabeths popularity and strengthened the Protestant cause as it was a sign that God favoured Protestantism. There were a number of factors that contributed to the English victory and Spanish defeat which included English strengths, Spanish weaknesses, as well as luck itself. West Yorkshire, The victory over the Spanish was not just a military success for England, but it also helped to strengthen Elizabeths rule over the country. Henry believed that Elizabeth wanted France to go to war with Spain while England looked on and would benefit from the probable weakening of both. Importantly too, Elizabeths fear of the Auld Alliance was heightened by the fact that the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, had declared herself the legitimate Queen of England (owing to the fact that she was Elizabeths second cousin and the granddaughter of Henry VIIIs sister Margaret) and she had the support of many English Catholics. Francis Drake is knighted on the Golden Hind. Protestants (notably John Knox) initially claimed female rule was unnatural or monstrous, while Roman Catholics judged . France however, thought her intention was to create war between France and Spain while England looked on. One last thing to consider was the fact that Elizabeth was unmarried and childless. Many people refused to recognize Elizabeth as a legitimate heir because her mother was Anne Boleyn, who was Henry VIIIs second wife. As the war ended, Philip II of Spain wanted to stay on good . The reasons for, and significance of, the Revolt of the Northern Earls, 156970. The English were worried about the threat of invasion and they attacked the Spanish ships as they sailed along the Channel, but the Armada was so strong that most of the ships reached Calais safely. Drake knew he wasnt able to attack this port with any realistic hope of success. Catholic priests are first smuggled into England. 30 ships were destroyed, as well as lots of supplies. Her first husband, Francis II, had died in December 1560. The most important reason however was a combination of Marys arrival and the Popes interference. France was to be a constant thorn in the side of Elizabeth I throughout her reign. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th point + evidence. Although he promised to help the conspirators, he rarely followed through on these promises. Edward was born on 12 October 1537 in his mother's room inside Hampton Court Palace, in Middlesex. In 1568 Elizabeth also controversially stole gold from Spanish ships (which was loaned from Genoese banks to fund the Spanish army, against the Dutch rebels) that were staying at English ports. Drake also managed to capture a Spanish ship called the. The loss of ships, weapons and supplies were proving incredibly costly for Spain as these needed to be replaced and obtaining fresh supplies put a strain on Spains finances. One fact that should not be ignored from 1566 was the increasing role of the Pope and his determination to undermine Elizabeth. Register for free, Home / Those who refused this were sent to prison. The fact that the Pope never approved Henry VIIIs divorce from Catherine of Aragon in 1533 (and England had to break from Rome in order to achieve this) combined with the fact that Catherine was still alive when Elizabeth was born. The New World, privateering and the significance of the activities of Sir Francis Drake. - Overall, I think the threat of invasion was one of Elizabeth's problems when she became queen as both Spain and France were powerful countries who had reasons to invade England and this was increased as Spain and France could unite against Protestant England. As such, the Catholic community cited both religious and legal reasons why Elizabeth had no right to be Queen, which made her accession extremely problematic. In 1568, Spanish ships laden with gold bullion took refuge in English ports to escape the bad weather. Spain and France were also involved in these plots and so there was always the danger of a foriegn invasion. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! From 1566 the Pope had instructed English Catholics to take part in recusancy, and by 1570 a Papal Bull had been issued excommunicating Elizabeth and stating that English Catholics had no need to have loyalty towards their Queen and instead should help overthrow her. When are the GCSE exams for 2020?Which exam board are you studying? The plot failed as it was discovered by Francis Walsingham, Elizabeths principal secretary and spymaster, who placed Throckmorton under surveillance for several months. These ensured the plots were uncovered before they could be fully developed. Spain had become a great military power as Phillip ruled Spain, the Netherlands and parts of Italy. Mary's Catholicism and previous alliance with France increased the threat of a French invasion in support of her, which threatened the stability of Elizabeth's kingdom. This meant atholics did not think . "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 2nd point + evidence. This meant that England had suffered economically as they were not generating any income from Calais. Social Studies American History: Reconstruction to the Present Guided Reading Workbook. Essentially, this meant England and Spain were now at war. It was estimated that Drake returned with approximately 400,000 of Spanish treasure from regular raids of Spanish ports in South America. France however, thought her intention was to create war between France and Spain while England looked on. Elizabeth I faced more difficulties as a monarch than any other Tudor. It was the arrival of Mary which also partly contributed to the revolt of the Northern Earls in 1569, which had brief success. Elizabeths legitimacy was one of many problems that Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. This was signed by the English nobility and gentry and required the signatories to execute anyone who attempted to overthrow the Queen. - Financial issues may have led to her loosing powerful allies as she could not give important people grant patronages. (1583) was a threat to Queen Elizabeth. The war against France ended in 1559, and following Elizabeths accession, they tried to maintain good relations between the two countries. John White (another leading colonist) sailed back to England to report on the problems being experienced.
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