If everyone believed they would be injured constantly, we would never have left the cave. Chances are it won't be that important. endobj As I often say, I was on the first lifeboat out-ahead of the women and children.Where do we go from here?As I said earlier, it would be simple but inaccurate to blame FAA totally for deficiencies in TAA training. There are many excellent automation texts, training courses and providers out there but the success of these products alone is not sufficient to reduce the higher TAA accident rate documented in the recent NTSB study. Remember, too, that many cold remedies include alcohol as an active ingredient, so be certain not to use these before flying. In this world of high-speed computing, information access, and electronic communications, perhaps the most mysterious scientific marvel is the human mind. 0000001652 00000 n 0000013948 00000 n But when a friend of mine, one whom I considered to be less conservative than myself, remarked how sparks flew from the footpegs every time I cruised around the traffic circle in our town, I had to reconsider. Especially when we have a strong desire to accomplish a goal, we can fool ourselves into believing that we can do something that is actually stretching the limits of our abilities. Impulsivity: Attempting to solve a problem with the first solution that comes to mind, rather than taking time to consider and select the best option. We all know that alcohol and drugs affect our decision-making abilities, but even the air we breathe can affect our perceptions. Also, Middle Tennessee State University did some pioneering work with a combined private-instrument rating curriculum-with a single test-and the regulations have been changed to enable that option.I believe the energy for continued evolution in training methods must originate with industry and be supported by continued FAA doctrine changes and especially reform of the knowledge and practical tests. Historically, about two-thirds of all general aviation (GA) accidents that occur in instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) are fatal-a rate much higher than the overall fatality rate for GA accidents. They may be resentful of having someone trying to tell them what to do and may regard rules, regulations, and procedures as unnecessary or silly. The current student pilot start figures ought to be sobering to anyone in general aviation who is willing to admit that weve got to stop selling to ourselves if we are to survive and that $150,000 sport aircraft may not be the answer. If we truly believed that we would be injured or killed each time we climbed into the cockpit of an airplane, we'd never turn the starter. A National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) Study of Risk Factors Associated with Weather-Related General Aviation Accidents4. Could it be due to poor management of several risk factors affecting that flight-pressing into deteriorating weather, a known faulty gyro or a pilot in a hurry to get somewhere? endobj ), and the situation of the other four elements. Definition. Yet, the knowledge test questions have only been partly updated to reflect the new doctrine and FAA has scarcely paid any attention to wholesale curriculum redesign, a change that would require active industry support. <>/Border[0 0 0]/Contents(library-corescholar@wright.edu)/Rect[391.8911 72.3516 516.2739 82.8984]/StructParent 8/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> All nonaccident pilots voluntarily consented to interviews and provided information about their flights, their aircraft, and details about their training, experience, and demographics. Ask yourself how important this flight will be five days or five years from now. An official website of the United States government Here's how you know. endobj ]e. 0000012140 00000 n Using all resources. Results Descriptive Statistics Table 2 and shows the regularity with which the Hazardous Attitudes were found in the analyzed accidents. endobj When we develop hazardous attitudes in flying, we are truly courting disaster. accidents (e.g., spatial disorientation, misuse of flaps). I personally created and often taught the risk management segment. 0000003541 00000 n Learning how to recognize and cope with stress. 0000004670 00000 n taa weather related accidents are associated with what hazardous attitude. 0000004070 00000 n Perhaps our built-in sense of invulnerability is a survival mechanism that allows us to cope with the prospect of injury or death. Instead of deviating from the GPS-set path when weather conditions look bad, pilots may continue to follow GPS anyways, rather than avoiding potentially dangerous conditions. Ensuring a minimum level of proficiency for all pilots to recognize and safely respond to hazardous weather situations. 0000002332 00000 n Fatigue-It's difficult to think clearly and rationally when you're tired. 0000001983 00000 n When a construction worker has an anti-authority attitude, it can lead to problems or even injuries. The third of the five hazardous attitudes is invulnerability. I left Eclipse in February 2008, thus avoiding the companys final denouement when it came a year later. Additionally, they often dont select the best option but instead, do the first thing that comes to mind. Therefore, any conclusions in this report regarding relative safety must be considered as preliminary. There are many excellent automation texts, training courses and providers out there but the success of these products alone is not sufficient to reduce the higher TAA accident rate documented in the recent NTSB study. 0000005155 00000 n Most of FAAs training emphasis is on airline training, especially after the Colgan Buffalo accident.Considerable progress also has occurred in the training community. These statistics are compiled from information contained in Storm Data, a database comprising information from NWS forecast offices in the 50 states, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Virgin Islands. Once we recognize that our decision making might be compromised by a hazardous attitude, we can apply a corrective mechanism to our thinking. In that role, my office had ultimate responsibility for all general aviation training regulations and related doctrine, such as the Practical Test Standards and various training handbooks. The FAA has revised many of the training handbooks, such as the Instrument Flying Handbook, to address TAA issues and has issued completely new manuals, such as the Risk Management Handbook. Its no great secret that nearly all new-production aircraft now have glass cockpits and advanced devices such as weather data link. If you find yourself deficient in any of these areas, your decision-making ability may be compromised, and the no-go decision should be made. 3 d|{}6`DR!M.sa:pt{ [QPpwyK[$6j+EWi?{Fzi[K._ 931 0 obj His views are solely those of the author and not necessarily of any client he represents. Most of FAAs training emphasis is on airline training, especially after the Colgan Buffalo accident. After 32 years of piloting experience, Jack Keenan joined the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) as an aviation safety inspector. From a human factors perspective, this is very dangerousnot only is it distracting, it can potentially cause vertigo.. Confidence sometimes exceeds ability. When an engine fails or a fire breaks out, we respond immediately with carefully programmed actions. 0000006343 00000 n 0000007043 00000 n However, this feeling of invulnerability should always be tempered by an equally strong sense of caution. endobj People with a hazardous macho attitude feel the need to continually prove that they are better than others. xb```5L) cc`a 4)fb- 0000003737 00000 n 0000006152 00000 n While it's virtually impossible to understand all the variables affecting the workings of the mind, there are models that help us to understand the process of making decisions. Often, the need to react quickly is necessary in response to a changing situation. 0000007665 00000 n Individuals who normally keep their macho attitude in check can be tripped up when certain psychological factors color their perception. Stresses that lead to the hurry-up syndrome or get-home-itis can cause pilots to overestimate their abilities. endobj X.1 OXRXfYy_%)i ;ee u #4& The problem with this approach is that it did not fully consider the real root cause of the accident. 0000017189 00000 n These attitudes, Anti-Authority, Impulsivity, Invulnerability, Macho, & Resignation, often lead to poor judgment and risk assessment. 0000018872 00000 n Rs+gLe\p- IFUb &Jg aDQq@8Um Rp-(XZLU9P\>iu6ZvyfnCGD$8- D endobj 0000003234 00000 n As I said earlier, it would be simple but inaccurate to blame FAA totally for deficiencies in TAA training. Maybe I really was an accident looking for a place to happen. 935 0 obj It may have been a harsh step to sell that motorcycle, but the experience reinforced a valuable lesson about human nature. If you've ever found yourself cruising down the highway above the posted speed limit, hurrying to make it through a yellow traffic light, or rolling past a stop sign, then you know what I'm talking about. The short version is it involves a three-part process to identify, assess and mitigate risk from specific hazards. startxref 0000017373 00000 n The short version is it involves a three-part process to identify, assess and mitigate risk from specific hazards. 0000005372 00000 n I believe the energy for continued evolution in training methods must originate with industry and be supported by continued FAA doctrine changes and especially reform of the knowledge and practical tests. The FAA has identified five hazardous attitudes that have the potential to influence the pilots' ability to respond to "people, situations, or events" in a manner conducive to aviation safety (FAA, 2017a, p. 2-5). &uV`3TeDzSij=m\9U8^ OgP _e\XqjV5Qt:XS "TVvv 0000007279 00000 n %PDF-1.4 % Its just that they need to be empirically justified by how effective they are in preventing accidents while simultaneously addressing utility in practical flight operations. 0000005731 00000 n 0000004728 00000 n Its maneuver-based, top-down (i.e., spoon-fed by the instructor) and has as its major goal getting a student through the knowledge and practical tests. 0000001832 00000 n hb``e``e`a`~ l@q*_1y ;P@LbADFRe They believe that tie-off regulations are excessive, caution signs arbitrary, and personal protection equipment gets in the way. In addition to his 22 years of FAA service, Bob Wright has 9000-plus hours of flight experience and four turbojet type ratings on his ATP certificate. Understanding these behaviors, and their potential danger, can help pilots prevent accidents. 0000019118 00000 n For example, why did the pilot lose control? Considerable progress also has occurred in the training community. We choose a desirable outcome, initiate change by doing something, and evaluate the effect of this action on correcting the deviation. I lost control and slammed into an innocent bystander. rafael angel uribe serna; undersized defensive ends; remington 1100 performance parts; words for a unhealthy relationship; barking and dagenham postcode; laughlin justice court forms; 0000005928 00000 n This effort tended to label accidents as either "skill-based" or "decision-based." These studies tended to show most accidents were due to skill-based pilot errors. People who frequently feel the need to do something, anything, immediately often fall victim to the impulsivity attitude. 3. 0000010522 00000 n 0000004565 00000 n When we develop hazardous attitudes in flying, we are truly courting disaster. 0000004352 00000 n 0000004535 00000 n They dont think about what theyre about to do before they do it. The result is the FAA Industry Training Standards (FITS) program.I envisioned FITS as an outside-the-box approach to addressing general aviation training issues. None of the real-world issues mattered-sweating fuel during an unexpected hold, dealing with practical risk-management issues, coping with descents into busy terminal areas. 0000004770 00000 n We may fail to stop and consider the very real risks that are involved in the actions we take. At least one of these applies to almost every accident, even in instances of technical problems.. The area where traveling TAA fared the worst was in weather-related accidents. In my view, this analysis was flawed since it tended to accept the NTSB primary and causal accident factors as the root cause of the accident. . Risk factors associated with weather-related general aviation accidents [electronic resource] / National Transportation Safety Board National Transportation Safety Board Washington, D.C 2005. The flight instructor community could be effective in this regard, if it could speak with a unified voice. Your body cannot perform its best if it doesn't have the nutrients and fluids it needs. A total of 135 nonaccident flights were included in the study. 0000007657 00000 n 0000005177 00000 n A good checklist for these items is the I'M SAFE checklist. An hour later, after the symptoms subsided, I realized how severely my piloting abilities had been compromised. 930 0 obj All of the pilots contacted voluntarily provided needed information concerning their flight and aviation experience, providing the control group necessary for this study. 0000001821 00000 n When stressors mount, the attitudes that we normally keep in check may begin to adversely influence our decision-making ability. That the industry is clinging to these concepts may be as much due to culture as to bureaucratic ineptitude. The FAA has identified 5 Hazardous Attitudes that afflict pilots: macho, impulsivity, resignation, invulnerability, and anti-authority. trailer 0000007215 00000 n Weather Related Accidents Rather that concentrating on the aggregate fatalities, a more informative way to view the general aviation safety record is to examine the specific causes of fatal accidents. ~%jvN0VQ95vvvXNF]( Figure 1 illustrates how rail accidents are influenced by the seasonal effects of weather. I personally created and often taught the risk management segment. Rigorously evaluating the situation, including its risks, is vital to ensuring a safe work environment. Online Marketing For Your Business taa weather related accidents are associated with what hazardous attitude I was intent on creating a scenario-based training program, covering all the well-known elements of the Eclipse program, including initial type training and mentoring. I was dumb-founded. We may not realize that it is occurring, but at some critical point, we find ourselves over our heads in a truly dangerous situation. Hazardous Attitudes themselves. The Safety Board wishes to acknowledge the significant contribution to this study by the GA pilot community. 938 0 obj 0000003407 00000 n 2023 Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association, Inspiration, advice, jobs found at WAI conference, Garmin GFC 500 autopilot approved for more aircraft models. Take mental note of all the factors influencing the safety of the flight. 934 0 obj HWMss$]{[8% @q?VTrau!GY\lfi&X 0000006924 00000 n 0000004543 00000 n Our perception of our limits can change from year to year or even minute to minute as our environment changes and physiological, psychological, and physical factors come into play. 953 0 obj (See AOPA Flight Training, June 1999). Stress-Numerous forms of stress can alter our decision-making ability. 0000005065 00000 n O'Hare found that pilots substantially underestimated the risk of GA flying relative to other activities, and similarly underestimated their likelihood of being in a GA accident. At this point, you would be correct to ask, What exactly was wrong with the current general aviation training system? The training doctrine and paradigm in place in 2001, and still mostly in place today, is a relic of the Civilian Pilot Training Program begun in the 1939-1941 period just prior to the war. National Transportation Safety Board. ^ZGiYii(n!NYe To ensure our customers could pass the practical test, I and my successors at Eclipse quickly moved the higher order pilot training to the mentoring phase, which is not required by the regulations if you conduct all of the training in the airplane itself, rather than a simulator. For example, while performing some work for one of my post-retirement clients, I evaluated 29 TAA fatal accidents and applied a simple test. 0000005295 00000 n After leaving the FAA, Eclipse Aviation offered me the job of Director of Customer Flight Training. I concluded that 25 of the accidents had a high likelihood of being prevented by using such techniques and only four accidents were really skill-related.What about the other higher order pilot skills such as automation management and single-pilot resource management? ^q+HLu_yBRSU[xs@m+!fQ@ F"7 Those with a hazardous resignation attitude believe that they have little control over their own destiny-that fate or bad luck is the cause of their misfortune. As I often say, I was on the first lifeboat out-ahead of the women and children. For example, while performing some work for one of my post-retirement clients, I evaluated 29 TAA fatal accidents and applied a simple test. 0000003357 00000 n 0000004410 00000 n The decision-making process in-volves awareness of our situation. 0000006319 00000 n 0000001551 00000 n For example, why did the pilot lose control? You can be type-rated to carry passengers at FL410 without ever getting above 10,000 feet. We then estimate the correction required. Historically, about two-thirds of all general aviation (GA) accidents that occur in instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) are fatal-a rate much higher than the overall fatality rate for GA accidents. Public data . None of the real-world issues mattered-sweating fuel during an unexpected hold, dealing with practical risk-management issues, coping with descents into busy terminal areas. When we become overconfident or complacent, our attitude subtly shifts and our margin of safety begins to erode. The extent to which they failed to meet that objective is beyond the scope of this article. Risk is defined by the simultaneous assessment of risk severity versus risk likelihood. To avoid them, we must constantly make the painstakingly difficult assessment of our own mental condition. Making a leap from one area to another or moving a ladder with someone on it are just a few examples. When we feel a strong need to get somewhere, we can feel justified in bending the rules. 4. In this model, we first detect a change or deviation from our planned action. '? When our antiauthority attitude overwhelms our good judgment, we're squarely in the danger zone. Mental abilities as well as motor coordination can be severely compromised when a pilot is tired. From the beginning, our local FSDO folks were also hard-working but, in their eyes, the FITS concepts really didnt matter. The goal of this National Transportation Safety Board study was to . 0000007165 00000 n 932 0 obj Five Hazardous Attitudes . <>/Border[0 0 0]/Contents()/Rect[72.0 618.0547 251.3838 630.9453]/StructParent 2/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> Such stressors can severely alter our perception of the five elements of flight decision making. In a way, the term technically advanced aircraft (TAA) has become a misnomer but it is still widely recognized as a tag line for a variety of related issues-288including TAA training.A freshly released NTSB study (see the April and May, 2010, issues of Aviation Safety) alleges glass cockpits in general aviation airplanes have not led to expected safety improvements. There is still no way to determine how many of these pilots had datalink weather available to them, but it is reasonable to assume that many did. every twelve GA accidents was a fatal weather-related accident. 0000005165 00000 n The expression tempting fate is apt in these circumstances. That the industry is clinging to these concepts may be as much due to culture as to bureaucratic ineptitude.I have a good friend who is a general aviation industry executive. Otherwise, this important survival mechanism becomes a serious safety liability. The result is the FAA Industry Training Standards (FITS) program. w r i g h t . "With an overall fatality rate of 83.1 percent, weather accidents remain the deadliest of all" (AOPA, 1999, p. 20). Risk is defined by the simultaneous assessment of risk severity versus risk likelihood. They were fairly accurate in their appraisal of the proportion of weather-related accidents, but esti- Aircraft Owners & Pilots Association Find it free on the store. 0000004184 00000 n What about the other higher order pilot skills such as automation management and single-pilot resource management? 933 0 obj With ever-evolving technology, it is inevitable that human factors will continue to cause accidents. The advantage of the case control methodology is that, instead of focusing on the factors that accidents have in common, and possibly being misled by characteristics common to most pilots/flights, it identifies characteristics that set accidents apart and contribute to their occurrence. 0000016864 00000 n 0000005523 00000 n Lightning-quick responses are essential to safety and survival in some circumstances, but in most situations, including many emergencies, its better to take some time to sort things out before committing to a course of action. endobj trailer << /Size 92 /Info 18 0 R /Encrypt 23 0 R /Root 22 0 R /Prev 43363 /ID[<62896f2cdcafacd494f974f6ca84211a>] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 22 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 19 0 R /Outlines 25 0 R /OpenAction [ 24 0 R /XYZ null null null ] /PageMode /UseOutlines /PageLabels << /Nums [ 0 << /S /D >> 0 << /S /D >> ] >> /PageLayout /OneColumn /Metadata 20 0 R >> endobj 23 0 obj << /Filter /Standard /R 2 /O ( UV.`Dz-#_m_}g) /U (P3TnDd\nll) /P -12 /V 1 /Length 40 >> endobj 90 0 obj << /S 113 /O 257 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 91 0 R >> stream In my view, this analysis was flawed since it tended to accept the NTSB primary and causal accident factors as the root cause of the accident. He shared case studies in which pilots made a series of poor decisions that led to fatal accidents, from lack of proper communication with air traffic control to misjudging weather conditions. Hard work and the resulting soreness and fatigue can conspire against us as well. In most situations, including many emergencies, it's better to take time to sort things out before committing to a course of action. The typical Cirrus customer doesnt go to the airport to get REMEd out but rather goes there so he can use his airplane to get somewhere. Could it be due to poor management of several risk factors affecting that flight-pressing into deteriorating weather, a known faulty gyro or a pilot in a hurry to get somewhere?It is my view that, fundamentally, most general aviation fatal accidents are risk-management accidents. The feeling of invulnerability should be balanced against an equally keen sense of caution. Im happy to report that many of the changes that I initiated have finally taken place-10 years later. The regulations we fly by have literally been written in blood and exist for our protection. Before the hate mail gets out of control, let me emphasize that I still recognize the importance of traditional pilot skills, as long as they are part of a balanced program. few accidents involving them, making any comparison of accidents rates between TAA and con-ventional aircraft statistically suspect. 0000007528 00000 n cESW#9kD{{. endobj Hello world! The current student pilot start figures ought to be sobering to anyone in general aviation who is willing to admit that weve got to stop selling to ourselves if we are to survive and that $150,000 sport aircraft may not be the answer. Its no great secret that nearly all new-production aircraft now have glass cockpits and advanced devices such as weather data link. 0000002102 00000 n Physical stressors relate to our environment and include such factors as cockpit temperature, noise, vibration and turbulence, hypoxia, and carbon monoxide. The NTSB itself does not help the situation by emphasizing more of the same as the solution.Before the hate mail gets out of control, let me emphasize that I still recognize the importance of traditional pilot skills, as long as they are part of a balanced program. That is why the last hazardous attitude is resignation. To get a type rating, all you have to do is stay within the test parameters. Risk plays a key role in most general aviation fatal accidents. The Board targets deficiencies in TAA training as one of the culprits. Higher-order pilot skills, such as risk management, single-pilot resource management and automation management are either poorly considered or not addressed at all. One of the projects I took on was to bring the flight training paradigm into the 21st century. The art and science of risk management is now a fundamental concept that permeates virtually all industrial processes from nuclear power plant management to-you guessed it-aviation safety. Adverse wind (/1 pts ) . Become a Ventilation Expert with a Lunch & Learn Seminar, 5 Questions to Ask When Considering Ventilation System Upgrade. The graph shows the total number of weather related accidents by month along with the most frequent type of causal event by month. Perhaps I wasn't as safe a rider as I had thought. The chart below details the five hazardous attitudes as well as antidotes for them. 0000011706 00000 n 0000002592 00000 n In that role, my office had ultimate responsibility for all general aviation training regulations and related doctrine, such as the Practical Test Standards and various training handbooks. Rush through a checklist, and you might miss an item. V'cXDflQ6Rc (j:@XtFF9"Y6 [U06TV8%"HTsg"HvS"9Kf>( o+cm 0000005437 00000 n For example, in a loss-of-control accident, the pilots inability to control the aircraft would often be considered a skill deficiency. But when stressors are present, the decision-making process can become strained or fail altogether as the pilot fails to properly evaluate any of the five flight elements. Accidents will happen, but it is important that everyone does what they can to prevent them from happening more. Many people feel that accidents happen to those around them, but not to themselves. That information was compared with data that regional ASIs collected about the accident flights as part of their normal investigations. endobj endobj "There was no traffic, and I was in a hurrynobody was comingconditions were perfectyou know these roads were really designed for traveling at 70 miles an hour." Occasionally, such lapses in judgment result in an accident, but even then we are likely to find extenuating circumstances that relieve us of responsibility, such as, "That guy just came out of nowhere," or, "There was a patch of ice on the road," or, "He wasn't using his turn signals. The collaborative instructor spends as much time and energy as needed to work with the student pilot until any flight training issues associated with hazardous attitudes are resolved to the mutual . What's important is that we recognize the traits within us, understand how these traits can develop into hazardous attitudes, and develop mechanisms to readjust our thought processes as we enter the zone of hazardous attitudes and dangerous decision making. Background: Attitudes influence how people make decisions. Eating-Nutrition is another important factor that contributes to mental processes, including decision making. They feel justified by their anti-authority attitude by telling themselves that the rules dont apply in this given circumstance, or that they can get away with disregarding them. Unfortunately, neither the NTSB nor the FAA has recognized the real issues regarding TAA training. @\(~M[U@W) /A 56 0 R /Prev 51 0 R /Parent 49 0 R >> endobj 51 0 obj << /Title (aw'iVz=6_) /A 55 0 R /Parent 49 0 R /Next 50 0 R >> endobj 52 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 24 0 R /FitH 450 ] >> endobj 53 0 obj << /Title (:{) /A 54 0 R /Next 49 0 R /Prev 38 0 R /Parent 34 0 R >> endobj 54 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 24 0 R /FitH 585 ] >> endobj 55 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 1 0 R /FitH 753 ] >> endobj 56 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 1 0 R /FitH 734 ] >> endobj 57 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 4 0 R /FitH 728 ] >> endobj 58 0 obj << /Title (ye) /A 59 0 R /Next 46 0 R /Prev 47 0 R /Parent 45 0 R >> endobj 59 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 4 0 R /FitH 767 ] >> endobj 60 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 4 0 R /FitH 478 ] >> endobj 61 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 24 0 R /FitH 758 ] >> endobj 62 0 obj << /S /Named /N /GoBackDoc >> endobj 63 0 obj << /S /Launch /F 64 0 R >> endobj 64 0 obj << /Type /FileSpec /F (BSc}1) >> endobj 65 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /TT2 67 0 R /TT4 69 0 R /TT6 81 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 88 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs5 70 0 R >> >> endobj 66 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 891 /CapHeight 0 /Descent -216 /Flags 34 /FontBBox [ -568 -307 2028 1007 ] /FontName /TimesNewRomanPSMT /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 0 >> endobj 67 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 116 /Widths [ 278 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 278 0 556 556 556 556 556 556 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 611 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 611 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 222 0 0 556 0 0 0 0 278 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /ArialMT /FontDescriptor 68 0 R >> endobj 68 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 905 /CapHeight 0 /Descent -211 /Flags 32 /FontBBox [ -665 -325 2028 1037 ] /FontName /ArialMT /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 0 >> endobj 69 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 148 /Widths [ 250 0 0 500 0 833 0 0 333 333 0 0 250 333 250 278 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 278 0 0 0 0 0 0 722 667 667 722 611 556 722 722 333 389 722 611 889 722 722 556 0 667 556 611 722 722 944 0 722 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 444 500 444 500 444 333 500 500 278 278 500 278 778 500 500 500 500 333 389 278 500 500 722 500 500 444 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 444 444 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /TimesNewRomanPSMT /FontDescriptor 66 0 R >> endobj 70 0 obj [ /CalRGB << /WhitePoint [ 0.9505 1 1.089 ] /Gamma [ 2.22221 2.22221 2.22221 ] /Matrix [ 0.4124 0.2126 0.0193 0.3576 0.71519 0.1192 0.1805 0.0722 0.9505 ] >> ] endobj 71 0 obj 905 endobj 72 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 71 0 R >> stream
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