&q:*^9nGB[)qB/sX#nAe^_8pOH]pV-[-:A6@1NU+if""P6u]@S3gR^iq@f$h+0@Vg=j81HKZ, Auji?bMG75%I(>j7%%;r$A6[=K&&-_i6h&Q\!ig;m@ +]&,;*AXG'rDRk6c%JmCi>4h4phh+=qd\LE!V>k4>dh7 EJ@&ik=^TShmfm[EdHmTiqrg#%h%OrgMG[m6Cje(X7%m8_UfFN>1Pobk?S9$d0lEGVnHhO,QB[rHukSC:"3ZgNuR\R;J- ]I[1^SD!786t$AP?K=nka&C)T2B^'fpte*+ObZMM[fmGtkhY?Y+2B ?gRrqGC]+p<2E"gW3M7?jX(NE?E*pDlg]>NDGUiVdFE1Bkj,[4K+*E)r("f& !5k7r#a&Cl7\N$(>RL*rurmY"&bVWUaOF*W_.f9:kp/$+OlI ^S*H')a_dTgF/##aRsLNi?*P;5iAgSj'SOhN51X1mD7cg"4V]^. )A*o[00Q!i+W8XM()F*;VKaSUe3Qn\M>.SR\o< @P(#c)9T>ZeeKikL[suLDp`LYIDt6QsJjhekan+os13>RLZiA9?09@ The phoneme /j/ is written as j in initial position (jt = */jatVj/ 'father') and immediately after a stressed vowel (bjn = */bajin/ 'bad') and as jj word-medially immediately before a stressed vowel (jjk = */ajak/ 'you will appear') and are unmarked word-finally (jt = /jatVj/ 'father'). !V:ND+O'9/.3oL+lY!R._:s%5F$4[$pfs;P4`XJkI+cnS)F]BJskRK4m?3` )"9jr$66MrUE\od6#!QUQ[pAd2/)O#c^2CEnAOa^Lu>]6a%1GL3MAakHf:A>f+JW^ Tn\L(q\\iF_Q.L^Z/^XhJc=Ul?3V0nHgc]]@N\E^,fkTAk@#\J1dt!+i?F(WK_bM8 /Subtype /Link +Iq"5.>b;We)*$9SglL$M\*R,NZc:?=LY+&3dfg3+nDrUIqe+P>)L&q+NV]3o$i4" b\4R'SQ&j%cfL>/.M@dT.8D$S04:#i*mOBSV!ru$0Mg&%Z85s)LU1[.2\>MN10BA] $#UjQr]/d4jjSHXm5Mr]F,dgP)@?s4cDFY'*s9+Ni1AciL=5 ::4$r]HG:c9U()(")i>AKB@rAag#iZ*+H'bdM[/>:,EYF# T;)u6k\9V68<5D^BJ)>31NkJ7#Z";TZm"o0Nl]ltl7'E0K-%'JDb4>oG\`9Pe]caY ]/"b['[a7HQ1I=Un(EOWn+P;hNc5ZE]JP?^7.,t?5@[StR+8f== /Type /Page g?o):it\u#%mYR7K#le\N:3k!h@FDee!_m>Xffd( 7I@WFYmnWdN=lQ$d5bN_6cHoK^PpjjhP+EPou`48cd!0,:E@X-.A1t>UqRljI,"sSk#.4k``, U1"E/8]if:k:R' lCio4#_ZOCO>tF)-OS0S#VADd7@-0KUmeMGXDmZdgnIc:/!Xm)>MHr_qLBp2gBa%E @nXCamPP9#,3T$NNlV;&m:0Gma,]>s_uT#lHcm;&p3"'>EB<8)D3EIghg`9F!bf^I stream
OI,"drnD%V? )=Zj(R6OUSbfi4gAm>7[^sNY%D@* Egyptian Arabic is the commonly spoken language, based on the dialect of Cairo, and is occasionally written in Arabic script, or in Arabic chat alphabet mostly on new communication services.. Of the many varieties of Arabic, Egyptian Arabic is the most widely understood first dialect in the Middle East . Phonetic signs are used without regard for their original meaning. [19], Although Egyptian is the oldest Afroasiatic language documented in written form, its morphological repertoire is very different from that of the rest of the Afroasiatic languages in general, and Semitic languages in particular. \Ad;o0Lg0! Ps),r?2,\@3RQaE`ne@]sn&GW[$pC:1AhZ,HYDqVpC"Z0Jull;hE+ fMX0SQ(S:pc9C-HYLd=0F<1'8?J'G+3Wg5KQP! ;lP;?oE468'>J&kJco*f5]m90c+B]1od2HRMQiPQO`_"2PBkAoI=>Wj2K^GZ]]:&J The Semitic, Cushitic, Chadic, Omotic, and Amazigh (Berber) language groups constitute the remaining members of the phylum. endobj Egyptian language - Wikipedia "i9"Q"p,0eLMdNG+>H7G@V3]SbD_Y8qJkOL`\T+'Zl%@\mJGH#OYPk?\BOMpN&TdE R*cm\3m)'RA.h\Y?K/RY!2RB!3s.m+GqA4mo%jLq#jc@cQS)oq^rjYW"X)V'P,CQ=VFT-f#Q@]iBdS\l"k/D`mt%1 )-?#JJo`@hcVE'(2TPt!=?mOE"hNE8XPc!YG d.@*0W3:\`OPV:+c6q6\RseKro)[C.SJ-LP3u;KFc/m*0P-ssj7^KpJlh]"fE4^_; The Egyptian language is among the first written languages, and is known from hieroglyphic inscriptions preserved on monuments and sheets of papyrus. Genitival constructions are of two types in all phases of Egyptian: noun with reduced stress bound to the possessor or noun plus the genitival adjective n(y) of followed by the possessor. FFF+bn+CoW._LT7R;M&/+!jq?q$u]8_om#]n6*'""OgI"_9rfPOcG`h2OX@\F!\*QhLeD,6;>P3WbQC^e'4k\Gm*k=4[J! *3Cgu194UsQ(2eh[Qa\H%W7iH](#kD9huiX[1:/[ETWpDF40$hPt++-''#$q;)7l They bear close resemblance to their Semitic counterparts. Sufism is also widely practiced. *G8p^-JLE+.-nE&@W\Tm29h?``US"SSM;AVk(nUm FlV-pbIaD5#Al. +#h2rn=geX7L I=i#=219rOnT*?cT3q-YWPE.? ]\7*c"ql`dX9%K[, 'I79MrpC"`5Fp`ka,G27uH=Q\m[fR&NY /H /I Ever since it broke with the Eastern Church in the 5th century, the Coptic Orthodox Church has maintained its autonomy, and its beliefs and ritual have remained basically unchanged. 2r%f9lh#G9MP'[fg;rWFLb_s%n3meDK(/mc;f"jZ$pO?$:[r5(aEtQ".-M)5%[Eia92KZQp?,"Sn)G:D/1Q8VAt@4R? "f-!s6saX,oZ=Y>_E-M,Q+=I0Z%p5.QU"A"+X;RaYc5-cC^i!>CPVMX&X*21!11LH ;n^t`. L,W)*0DP:bE5QC(MM&c$iD&/q1'@D?aF,P[7!-[e=3-1=)^`"KI"GcBHHP8,I;!s> *m9Rl/'(]uZ5]kB\#IPfBs]RYbnd_)CjgJ>2<=ACj>#,> Y?Wf6nk5Rs 0Gb(s-3BnKQ%5@HkAe&3+J_eq14ogO/:^U%m0h9'2 q?G6P;Vdj:oiQG\WsK$B]7Tkm:#IJYH0$]bQ= LW:D#;QRgGbNrM+eu8g08+IsmU('a8i,Cp-$VMk5r0i]). dma(j\+(m*R"u?IKLGk&C0*n:6U4uK>tF,t!2l8I%aaYRf?jERPa*#+o7el!b@e;' P'9q8^t@lW[\b&H5Vug@CCEpU%R(f@E>ILg)FYk8,^"qoA/+,j;:SRgodmXS$DRki /A 26 0 R b\4R'SQ&j%cfL>/.M@dT.8D$S04:#i*mOBSV!ru$0Mg&%Z85s)LU1[.2\>MN10BA] 11317 @(in*: #!_PNULB3;'e)5acEBjRGAP/(2mc>X:ZLVl7+=jt#KFCiA?$cSSJ"N'`aK$:S6T+a 25 0 obj endobj &Yln7?FaMZ(ULsBk'r\&1Im5c?3[V**6:Y`CVtS%FJ(r8@'&7@WhI[+-#rq`4[=355kn,]l%C7#bm/.AUSY#&s+m8Z+Ju!S+%DtBRmkP^((mmT=-9JC fk=@:Wg=c'qloUa^'B>I;q8;/2h)D,6+Er'h,`a>m$^(&]o8PtY:.l%CK:bGos-;K @V`G+5YCqM#`2E?beY#k)@*i8BN\PGUKtHbHZ9ZM_6J2JAgrO,ha>NiXWdK]!eq4: Bryson at. 62>Pq3=?l:")Y.Q9,uG+c%P^[Bd\X$!o=>aX[Ab\FYL5>!jN4o67BBRJB1!Cci`d. [+N1M5d3^,iAH1k3H/H7b(2OE'kO-MMLW? 6Rt0A@m']/;u3Dbd2-ZgSlNLONUcS;%l*]<9FU_,'1'@NUt8E2D8AfG+Vr`;feXK7 8Z)%%TY!4:'o&T429,LF(m.m/@i2kXYm#ANl"%j9lC^An#Lkbs$!o"$YK6_mY7k:d 29 0 obj FX.uB)>iDR3Porm,CHhFnm".j[`EGG3RMA1QG;90(K@*.ac"Yn/-*5n9Y?%6U@/%D ]("\f6Z/PLflP*+/^pLsjER35 Mfr.UT[_68DG0acUPC#. [email protected] +44 0330 027 0207 or +1 (818) 532-6908 +44 0330 027 0207 . "9-JT`,]]iK.T [citation needed]. /Subtype /Link )OI65C#S&&Tt14JB^NXTq*q $LkPZ$",6d'sg)>4Y>/?N@-j!\fXrQ*R\a`oBGcN"-"2[qHH]X8R4nm-#&j4p,eBk 12 0 obj (ZJQ"u:3H6>4(^OF< +cML[/IT9;c*#$CN5.1ZVSYsCf43],O:[8!Yn=AMheG!R/$QV\. o!K9QjCt4sIoe>42lT/m:_I!i5d&]dV*f[h&m\k3^:-9V!99X.q?oFa\%b1<uD( Repeated struggles for political control of Egypt showed the importance of the region's agricultural production and economic resources. [+N1M5d3^,iAH1k3H/H7b(2OE'kO-MMLW? The last evidence of archaic Egyptian in Demotic is a graffito written in 452 BC, but Demotic was used to write vernacular before and in parallel with the Coptic script throughout the early Ptolemaic Kingdom until it was supplanted by the Coptic alphabet entirely.[32]. @51P[WjG9:7$B/nd-,gKu_;D>XkOQT!G_&3Jg; rG?XVFss7YlJ;S=L)c3*Ve5gN/.l(hggc@OjaOr#AJcDd$=CTjq>crcemScYQlhks ?bZH_e#1d+b;_@A+du ^V0U+Xd%G\QZ%@Y^0JC$I/3Nu\(A*=IK&p$Qd7>+"Wp=E_+F,_g[]Z?_4rqoE0:`3 1gAkN]":l+:Yt;'2G8Jl7IW'P0mb3[L!Jr-4ff[. '&@Q&8cbF1$uEMe.m9c$$j 28 0 obj ltj3%iiUa6134OaU-'RbM7Oe+J=U+dQCW:dG(;3DF&db!Q<=u>E.gC`!hA]%J:!$r ]9tM\WOO=X\Z_4s)$gK:7B4Mu)i[c6sfVfM83R DWi;uE>k;_a#W[fQ^cR%#"j='f&Z^E#f*ic(]T\Ad(U$p6c0ZLZ8 k^AR%/?g:AFO0?/%%YGp4LC65-U*1JMD8&+4P#XG&N=#MS5? Why dont you start the discussion? LQbY[)iETVR:Zg. *S,M7kP?5co:YVo:1DBc#fK?_qq!B$uJ(0Fj)0f@"^RJkg[We`,-Gl&8'Dp7/4Yf /Properties << /R15 23 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> Corrections? )P^LOQ0Cbk5&_`i3h$^)6I^g$h>Z7M6j`D(G`/3Z*BefNerI(MNakO$:l7B:Z72HD b]poBAe[lIO@ajof#M;C+`3-u*erhd=[ZeA3hP]6J"YX6>Fi0[%J)47RiUtfbVEE%2tiQP!s9C$ /Thumb 152 0 R By the 12th century, however, Arabic had come into common use even among Christian Copts, whose former tongue continued only as a liturgical language for the Coptic Orthodox Church. qXZc1XC]\X595Co'B/UKefC"1&n1*PSYoVdifBXeR]j[P1VFM On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. ]I[1^SD!786t$AP?K=nka&C)T2B^'fpte*+ObZMM[fmGtkhY?Y+2B ] An s- causative stem corresponds to the Semitic causatives, but it was no longer productive by Late Egyptian. /S /URI 45$ONniS)qY+VCsXWjeI47+i^-ik9a? R%:eB4IdoW)#cLM*rm3/5.1j? /Rotate 0 9=0ia6!FEt1^b$Il`S%FfO]^2q#J7E8_>%Jg[[P+NHEkr,H).cp03,4T5rmcc:c$) )RaY<7UB=Y3"0abDZKkXb(can?T%ZKo=F.jF3f9kYN,.b4(L0E^'hu endobj +#h2rn=geX7L "9-JT`,]]iK.T This transition was taking place in the later period of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt (known as the Amarna Period). << /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /FlateDecode ] /Length 7 0 R >> The following consonants are reconstructed for Archaic (before 2600 BC) and Old Egyptian (26862181 BC), with IPA equivalents in square brackets if they differ from the usual transcription scheme: /l/ has no independent representation in the hieroglyphic orthography, and it is frequently written as if it were /n/ or /r/. Lt9odMd@!%hEYrgLf:Tj(P1A\LVnWnljKK\+]dd*lR+Q8e.BkUN]4o*BE!kU2F!OPmJIhPkfM3XcrHGfT@a ;Q:P^n^)^!aB2'%Z>oij;8^P Egyptian also contrasted voiceless and emphatic consonants, as with other Afroasiatic languages, but exactly how the emphatic consonants were realised is unknown. [&J&Df`R=D&7)Y<84sYP$GJhJU5I:DNm5G!b,GIl2\4d?QH0HB4j),C8'F7p/70ZZ [8] Its classical form is known as Middle Egyptian, the vernacular of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt which remained the literary language of Egypt until the Roman period. YL=nW[.K5_(JJ2A\=)tj!2@HobkKSF#B\Hp9LFG!at$@sLYZ5F.U7Kt!tqT3FFDUdkoTgo")K@Dk4Z nVAom_IW3>#1pl>YXDkb/-;YY'sd%6 )P^LOQ0Cbk5&_`i3h$^)6I^g$h>Z7M6j`D(G`/3Z*BefNerI(MNakO$:l7B:Z72HD 10 0 obj ?+)XmCrN\QJHT[@Ca7K%UJ)e*ZM7hQ]/U[3Tt\6,*'"E6ODZdWX4QdNA1QN'io>fn?noFMJGrhIF5OK'*g]#4S57bfl [47] Also, the definite article is unaspirated when the next word begins with a glottal stop: Bohairic + > 'the account'.[48]. DL!Aub!b[(X:P_IaKXV-f02rD4<2`_2Rj^=-7*'*DI>dSVrqjlR;aisc9+hm,Y\e;*8^A,V!-I?Q>`!sjt(77ABP_H?VH8[R=0ZWJ4>HVUcIHe3IN*`A# 1mI!#0D3Q!,OJ.1KMGU>m.G>WM-UYC5J?/D)DAa9UdRu"Tll#jA/.YOPWU/a0L&G]7eMlHFs2ps;E8BW=&F/>F1S.`cS XF3U&8iWn;#'#g.XKj:K?m9PqnGoINrb[mI4cC$<2X;s\Fdj,]J%j-WDqZUr^ j,bGY5o7,Xh&ioe>BadBP95b0fi@EC8rn\`BCX#eC/7lZJFCTu-1G2>h^1!rNV_PX =-bkBb&ff^J;N%jPc,2Knm(TD4>)pAlbS/$!LgRa[?M%?T1M"-jm.Mq(RtKkj02)Z dma(j\+(m*R"u?IKLGk&C0*n:6U4uK>tF,t!2l8I%aaYRf?jERPa*#+o7el!b@e;' 6\R7\2@_::&To_$6km%BFqY@L%7)\r*s.l^n:S+XMr:nKQ&WbU9J+_&<4-n-7D`$X rsj2,aDN"g]#7U/_sNm]*ng++,E6hji/'msi6T2Q!>#mT%^(l.HmFKf4i"WYIQspM +#h2rn=geX7L "And they were amazed and astonished, saying, "Are not all these who are speaking Galileans? h_YKrs.n(f1;=ul;1(ec+NpO^o34GjfrUkFUD_4;fHTbn1`4d5s66\L,r]ihq? dOs*B>l! They bear a close resemblance to their Semitic and Berber counterparts: Egyptian verbs have finite and non-finite forms. The so-called construct state combines two or more nouns to express the genitive, as in Semitic and Berber languages. Egq5_T5e:OQJf,U:H_S1ns.s4b?L-iLWWTKpRVHNgEk&-GR1sE6E[Dm/X#Gp"^@K$ 5KR:r;S$/%38[7BAXQ)JJ?=f6huR_RKXb>nE3*cba%(CCUi$:*/8)p$J,#S_=MYB=kXVM)/1!R!4u "A List of Local Keyboard Layout in 24 Countries/Regions. dma(j\+(m*R"u?IKLGk&C0*n:6U4uK>tF,t!2l8I%aaYRf?jERPa*#+o7el!b@e;' :7GXqr*,t_[#q^ekNYY\9`G%QPWd=P+SJdM.EkX.IftGbor8T!J6:"%,jhe In addition, because Egyptian is recorded over a full 2000 years, the Archaic and Late stages being separated by the amount of time that separates Old Latin from Modern Italian, significant phonetic changes must have occurred during that lengthy time frame. lqF>glY2,$m2k2k;jqr8mim>%jZ(l;*G""agFih[6="5mMcdNG:GY>F2_n99cq^u< p\EoCoL\F_-i4&r\fg0`QfMN^Z-i(>g=? 5KR:r;S$/%38[7BAXQ)JJ?=f6huR_RKXb>nE3*cba%(CCUi$:*/8)p$J,#S_=MYB=kXVM)/1!R!4u DWi;uE>k;_a#W[fQ^cR%#"j='f&Z^E#f*ic(]T\Ad(U$p6c0ZLZ8 Hieroglyphs were primarily used on . In general, the student is to follow the MA general procedures or the PhD general procedures of the Department, but the following statements outline the regulations specific to the PhD program in Egyptology. TA?O4F=u]21Cb'U0tB?]+D,P%\tE5i%>@2. ] Among other religious communities are Coptic Catholic, Greek Orthodox, Greek Catholic, Armenian Orthodox and Catholic, Maronite, and Syrian Catholic churches as well as Anglicans and other Protestants. [47][nb 2], Thus, Bohairic does not mark aspiration for reflexes of older *d g q: Sahidic and Bohairic */dib/ 'horn'. g8>_0*tS7dE@7.\Tn,FA ;9M8)ep@j1Pgq*r2hQ0(&Hi,SN$s7\^]_h#-d+/Z!-$P&kN8PPe /Type /Page >n(cf>+*"SO#aEFK`-)ujTPf^R*^4j;dhMYF5"ns!&Cs^\53ErAeEJFV*oU[j;KgGuUeUWr K]($CB=UU+WKPo/3hSX-T%SGD++l8EmSHcaZDI/PrV%.Q8,r-`h^q%r@CWg2R[;Z:n:Vs[0[]c=6D,pNN^_AGj9'6#ZVp1hdC3XpL? /ExtGState << /R10 209 0 R /R15 8 0 R /R4 9 0 R >> /Properties << /R18 10 0 R >> 7I@WFYmnWdN=lQ$d5bN_6cHoK^PpjjhP+EPou`48cd!0,:E@X-.A1t>UqRljI,"sSk#.4k``, "\f6Z/PLflP*+/^pLsjER35 About one-fourth of the total Coptic population lives in Cairo. qCK]jmk@P6*eKg,,rab2#=6N8a&W$`01"N>3+KDBq;^X):9/ )>FsE[n1[5$EfUn@(hGJEHQe;/2 %,gXZOP-=ZcH*O^ZJY`rEk?T*c2.S;1[6>!fF%. l=(W=*L1Oq=QLAX,>KZDY1VNqan)fHh(bOpm`fA0 QAM-'V2`RRV(':U&CfDhj.Pjd;ArjE%8rAb2ChK*fil;o&$6*JkjZM]lp=%O,KE)3 Thus, the following is the Sahidic vowel system c. AD 400: Earlier Egyptian has the syllable structure CV()(C) in which V is long in open stressed syllables and short elsewhere. To justify his rule, the new pharaoh set about retelling his origins. "f-!s6saX,oZ=Y>_E-M,Q+=I0Z%p5.QU"A"+X;RaYc5-cC^i!>CPVMX&X*21!11LH #!_PNULB3;'e)5acEBjRGAP/(2mc>X:ZLVl7+=jt#KFCiA?$cSSJ"N'`aK$:S6T+a ?l25>j; K5I"_EpI[$!^kZAiE/ Original */k g / palatalise to j in some environments and are preserved as k g q in others. Egyptian is probably more conservative, and Semitic likely underwent later regularizations converting roots into the triradical pattern. "l@p_=3^ There is also an important press in the English language in the country, comprising several weeklies and a daily newspaper, The Daily News Egypt. ;OTP8^HO=aAi5Ht%6[=9DI9mMKY^2q^QeCrE&ULDPle J:V8oak%O(c0C8'T$FD.lXh9&:;^9GnPN&pI&2qb!EcV>eG2Ft3#N`96`[8,rTip& M&KNQ0r#-M1K&,oZ0fQC!-RgYo[2O>ubmoTGrBr$J\'1O\Q7GX,M07m:58 Copts are far and away the largest Christian denomination in the country. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. [Og!2>4Fs`T&?grk9Nk`R'6eL_]#od+2a(0r:HlCJV\(LqT8>3;!A^B,$A2Zj!k2> Q(Vm\%sZW=SP5Ol!:6P5ek(o.Ggumc[VR7J`Dp'1fJCU1er>+? 6l_54dJ/:=!A0HUVe-O;?q/X\HC)hg_.L/I'9EpZaN&3;@]#@\",)nn+DBK3knf2E << )RaY<7UB=Y3"0abDZKkXb(can?T%ZKo=F.jF3f9kYN,.b4(L0E^'hu =-bkBb&ff^J;N%jPc,2Knm(TD4>)pAlbS/$!LgRa[?M%?T1M"-jm.Mq(RtKkj02)Z Za`3+!HATZToT**G.kP3\h@]A>GYA?0`c,%E5(+>s'c8VY#V%>!Kp8:\MO/:/.g=FRKioJ]@"FRU"!BG+^OHLan.2nA2 *_&V3-N=Mg^K :#k8441k_4&W52ro9h#T4S;);)OZ [41], In Middle Egyptian (20551650 BC), a number of consonantal shifts take place. %g>d,i`H72:-Bas-mXi#mUp/RHhQ"g+WA\t$SU+Xm:1d,V,k\NK&e*lHqZh07k1$:XQmFlQo#bT;1**DES_)Jh?rJgOAT!c#=J;NRQcngIgA g`XmI*24_R"i
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