This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. In the most recent phase of the cycle, beginning in the mid-1980s, Acholi has largely been on the receiving end of the violence. London: James Currey. Stream and swamp fishing are important. Land Tenure. Okot p'Bitek (1963). The Acholi dialect is a Western Nilotic language, classified as Luo (or Lwo). However, this rebellion was defeated when it attempted to attack Classification of Southern Lwoo after Heusing (2004) and Storch (2005). [13] The refugees in the camps have also been subject to raids by both LRA and government forces.[10]. He has noted that the emphasis on the distinction among ethnic groups has even been part of the internal government dialogue." The account of the Acholi reaching The LRA has been targeting civilians, the majority being their own tribe, the Acholi. A Study of the Acooli Language: Grammar and Vocabulary. Millet is the staple food of the Acholi, and tobacco is grown for trade. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Advertisement". Figure 5. Doom, Ruddy and Koen Vlassenroot. This made the chiefs more independent from The Acholi of Uganda. The political ramifications for Uganda, however, were severe. Uma, F. K. (1971). POLITICAL ORGANIZATION. jok ). A company limited by guarantee in the UK no. Industrial Arts. Thanks for using our World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples! morphed into Chuuli, before finally becoming Acholi as it was applicated with the pronoun 1 Northern Uganda or Acholiland is formally known as the Acholi sub-region, an area inhab-ited primarily by speakers of the Acholi language, whom I refer to as the Acholi. "[20] They have continued to work to end the war through negotiation. Common synonyms for this type of organization are "interest groups," "pressure groups," and . solidification of an Acholi identity, with their common language becoming an important marker. It was not until 1995 that a constitutional reform recognized such cultural leaders, but they have not been fully restored to previous powers, as so much of society has changed. Despite their common language and ethnic designation, the Acholi of Uganda and the southern Sudan have distinct origins and developed along different historical trajectories; the remainder of this cultural summary will focus on the more populous Uganda Acholi. It was filmed by Australian director Ebony Butler, Simon Hardwidge and Ugandan author Frey Onen. With the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in Sudan in 2005, and the establishment of the ex-rebel government in newly independent South Sudan in territory in which the LRA once operated freely, those lines of support have been substantially weakened, if not severed altogether. Makerere University (Kampala), Department of Geography. The building of houses and granaries has historically involved both men and women, with each performing specified functions. Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo and Pader. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Most Acholi, however, continue to live in neighborhoods (parishes) that not only consist predominantly of patrilineal kinsmen and their wives, but often carry the old lineage names. In most chiefdoms, only members of designated lineages could make or repair royal drums. organisation to survive, a common identity had to form to support this new social structure of Historian Mark Curtis says that after Amin instigated a coup, Britain, the United States, and Israel quietly backed Amin and his campaign against the socialist-leaning President Milton Obote in 1971. By clicking 'Accept', you consent to the use of all the cookies. Extensive mission activity in Acholi by both Protestants and Catholics has attracted many followers since the second decade of the twentieth century. Apoko, Anna (1967). Diversity Management in Sudan's Democratic Transitional Arrangements: Technical Paper 1, January 2023. "State Formation in Acholi: The Emergence of Obbo, Pajok, and Panyikwara States c. They also kept goats, sheep and cattle. Hansen, Holger B., and Michael Twaddle, eds. The conflict had dramatic effects on the local Encyclopedia of World Cultures. reported that the Acholi chiefs generally accepted the position of Baker, as he had helped them This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. of the nineteenth century, both among Acholi chiefdoms and with The Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) under the leadership of Joseph Kony has waged a war against Yoweri Museveni's government. Acholiland or "Acoli-land" (also known as the Acholi sub-region) is a necessarily inexact ethnolinguistic taxonomy that refers to the region traditionally inhabited by the Acholi. majority peasant population. [19], The religious leaders have tried to help end the conflict in the country of the last two decades and to reconcile the parties. Ceremonies. Most Acholi also continue to live in thatched, round mud houses, although wealthier Acholi and those who live in town or near major roads have square houses of mud or block, with iron or tile roofs. During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was Wright, A. C. A. Traditional beliefs, however, still persist, often meshed with Christian doctrine in complex ways. interpolity interactions at the county level. "Swazi" refers to the nation, tr, Fipa [26] Conservative approaches estimates that at least 300,000 people died in the conflict that extended into the Sudan, Congo and Central African Republic. Chopi (Storch, 2005), Index of languages, language families, linguistic areas, and ethnic groups.. African languages. In . administration within the region and the district headquarters were erected in the area of the Occasional Paper no. alongside the other Luo groups in Uganda and Kenya following several waves of migration Social Control. Corrections? Sign up to Minority rights Group International's newsletter to stay up to date with the latest news and publications. Political organizations are those engaged in political activities (e.g., lobbying, community organizing, campaign advertising, etc.) Under Amins brutal regime, an estimated 300,000 died many of them Acholi. Malaria and AIDS have been the primary disease causes of deaths. Each clan was administered by a council of elders chosen because of their outstanding military performance and because of their senior position in the community. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. "Acholi-Arab Nubian Relations in the Nineteenth Century." These guns brought This cookie is set by Facebook to deliver advertisement when they are on Facebook or a digital platform powered by Facebook advertising after visiting this website. Linguistic Affiliation. Nairobi: Oxford University Press. to accumulate substantial fortunes, as have a few traders. Boys and girls are typically socialized into distinct gender roles, and do household and other chores accordingly. Over the second half of the nineteenth century, Acholi was incorporated into international trade networks through the activities of northern, Arabic-speaking ivory and slave traders. This is used to present users with ads that are relevant to them according to the user profile. The dry season is long and hot, with temperatures that can reach more than 35 C. Demography. Localized lineages have been the fundamental social units in Acholi, . https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi, "Acholi Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. limited wealth in the society and redistribution. Ruhakana Rugunda, the Ugandan minister of internal affairs and leader of the government negotiating team, noted the effectiveness of the traditional system. In terms of the afterlife, although spirits of the dead are believed to continue to exist and manifest themselves, there is no belief in a heaven to reward the virtuous or a hell to punish the sinful. They were also against the power consolidation approach of the NRA, which included mass arrest, torturing, killing, cattle raiding, food crop destruction, and looting and burning of villages. In 2009, Acholi was one of the six Ugandan languages identified as having more than one Deep-rooted divisions and polarization remain between different ethnic groups, and these have been greatly exacerbated by the way in which the countrys leadership has developed since independence. Dholuo, which is spoken in in the West of Kenya. The government of Uganda has responded to the conflict by adopting both military and general amnesty strategies. The primary language of Acholi today is Luo, a Western Nilotic language spoken by groups scattered across East Africa from the southern Sudan to Tanzania; many also speak English and/or Kiswahili. The presumed nominal forebears of the present-day Acholi group migrated South to Northern Uganda from the area now known as Bahr el Ghazal in South Sudan by about 1,000 AD. . We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Updates? 102-104, Southern Sudan and the Government of the Republic of the South Sudan, State Minister for Foreign Affairs (International Affairs), https://www.peoplegroups.org/explore/GroupDetails.aspx?peid=15068#topmenu, "2014 Uganda Population and Housing Census Main Report", https://www.peoplegroups.org/explore/GroupDetails.aspx?peid=14887#topmenu, James Ojent Latigo, Chapter 4: "Northern Uganda tradition-based practices in the Acholi region, 1. 2.4. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyse the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Idi Amin (1971-79) the Acholi were severely persecuted and their men systematically executed for their past association with the colonial army and for their support of Pres. The Central Lwo during the Aconya. Since the British had set up their administrational centre in the Atkinson (2011 [1994]) wrote on this issue: First came the establishment of new, chiefly, socio-political institutions and ideology. formations in the form of chiefdoms and kingdoms by the end of the first millennium A.D. The Population Geography of Acholi District. NRA in 1986. This period of increased contact with non-Acholi accelerated the One illustration of this is the various spirit-possession-based millennial (and military) movements that have been prominent in Acholi during the extremely difficult period of the late 1980s and early 1990s, most famously the Holy Spirit Movement of Alice Lakwena. Division of Labor. This complex process was helped along by two major droughts, probably during the 1720s and c. 1790, which promoted larger-scale political leadership that held the promise of greater stability and security, and by the formation of neighboring identities against which members of an emergent Acholi could compete, compare, and define themselves. occur, however, it was usually limited in scope, with relatively few London: James Currey. [25], Some of the groups in Acholi, like the UPDA, detested the Museveni regime because it had overthrown the government in which they served. As droughts and Political Organization. Orientation Uganda's current army, various local rebel groups (some headed by apocalyptic "prophets" such as Alice Lakwena), and heavily armed Karamojong raiders have all raped, looted, killed, and destroyed, making any kind of normal life in Acholi impossible. contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and Latigo, James, "The Acholi Traditional Conflict Resolution in Light of Current Circumstances:". The settlement of the Acholi in their current territory is compared to the ethnic groups in the Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. The earliest modern African political organization in Kenya Colony sought to protest pro-settler policies, and increased taxes on Africans and the despised Kipande (Identifying metal band worn around the neck). Killing of a person was prohibited but if it took place, negotiations for blood money were led by the victim's family, with agreement followed by rituals of a reconciliation ceremony to restore the killer to the community, and to bring peace between clans. Subsistence and Commercial Activities. sociopolitical units: lineages at the parish level; chiefdoms at the other parts of Uganda, where hundreds of thousands of peoplemany Abstract The aim of this thesis will be to decipher why Acholi ethnic identity remained such a critical political tool in late and post-colonial Uganda, from 1950-1985, just before the outbreak of civil war in 1986. The insurgency's military. the area around Lake Victoria as early as the fourth century B.C. 53- The Acholi, unlike many of their southern neighbours, did not create a form of [10] General Tito Okello was an Acholi, and came to power in a military coup. University of Bradford eThesis This thesis is hosted in Bradford Scholars - The University of Bradford Open Access repository. Both Protestant and Catholic missionaries were active in Acholi from early colonial rule, providing written Luo religious, educational, and historical texts and producing a local educated elite, all of which fostered the further development of an Acholi identity within the colonial context of "tribal" culture, consciousness, and politics. into the independence era. While Acholi also lives north of the South Sudaneseborder, the Sudanese Acholi are often excluded from the political meaning of the term "Acholiland". members of royal lineages, and lineage heads all seem to have been The Social Origins of Violence in Uganda, 1964-1 985. Relatively small numbers of Acholi have filled middle-level or senior civil-service positions in independent Uganda. Mass meetings were organized separately by Luo people in Kavirondo and the Kikuyu people in Nairobi. London: Oxford University Press. In addition to these six languages, some authors also classify Labwor (Ladefoged, Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. (1972). [17] Most of the LRA returnees, numbering 12,000, underwent nyono tong gweno ('stepping on the egg') after returning to their home villages, to help restore them to home. Vincent (2012), a Gulu-based Western Nilotic Eastern Nilotic Southern Nilotic, Burun Lwoo Nuer-Dinka Teso-Turkana Bari Maa-Lotuko, North South [12] These camps had some of the highest mortality rates in the world, with an estimated 1,000 people dying per week at one point. ETHNONYM: Karanga (historical) Atkinson, Ronald R. (1994). (February 23, 2023). There were the spirits of known relatives, especially lineage ancestors; a second type was the nonancestral jok of the chiefdom as a whole. Acholi, also spelled Acoli, also called Gang or Shuli, ethnolinguistic group of northern Uganda and South Sudan. During Obote's first term as president, and especially during his [22], In January 1986, the junta government of Gen. Tito Okello-Lutwa in Uganda was overthrown by Museveni and his NRA rebels. Okot p'Bitek (1971). The 1980 population of the Uganda Acholi was approximately 580,000 (Kasozi 1994, ii), up from some 465,000 in 1969 (Langlands 1971), perhaps 125,000 in 1900 and about 100,000 at the end of the eighteenth century (Atkinson 1994, 275-281). Certain rwodi and interpreters began to accumulate some of the new wealth brought into Acholi by international trade, and descendants of some of these men used their inherited wealth to build up prominent twentieth-century families. Peace negotiations to end the long-running rebellion by the Lords Resistance Army continued, while security in the north improved through 2007. This cookie is set by Youtube. Socialization. Given the low population densities and minimal land pressure, almost anyone who was willing to clear and work unused land has been welcomed by lineage heads responsible for such land and, while they functioned, by the rwodi of chiefdoms within whose domains the land lay. identity is rather disputed. Archaeological and linguistic evidence suggests that from early in the Christian era, Acholi was settled mainly by Central Sudanic (or "proto-Central Sudanic") speakers in the west and Eastern Nilotic ("proto-Eastern Nilotic") speakers in the east. The combination of the two events, have put pressure on the LRA to lay down its arms. Then a final dance and feast takes place at a time chosen to make possible the maximum attendance by relatives and other interested people. fight the Arab slave traders and his colonial administration was viewed as not very invasive et al., 1972; Heine & Knig, 2010) and Chopi (Storch, 2005) as individual languages, instead
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