e. resulted in a rise in economic inequality. [158] Gorbachev's first public appearance as leader was at Chernenko's Red Square funeral, held on 14 March. Thus, in the Soviet Union, a multi-party system was officially allowed and the CPSU ceased to be part of the state apparatus. [231] The duo's wives also met and spent time together at the summit. b. the validation of big government. [24] From primary school he moved to the high school in Molotovskoye; he stayed there during the week while walking the 19km (12mi) home during weekends. 25% 1964-1982. [15], The country was then experiencing the famine of 19301933, in which two of Gorbachev's paternal uncles and an aunt died. [237] After the summit, many of Reagan's allies criticized him for going along with the idea of abolishing nuclear weapons. a. Use your notes to identify the characteristics of the medieval religious orders. [498] That year, Medvedev awarded him the Order of St Andrew the Apostle the First-Called. [36] He gained a reputation as a mediator during disputes,[37] and was also known for being outspoken in class, although he would reveal some of his views only privately; for instance, he confided in some students his opposition to the Soviet jurisprudential norm that a confession proved guilt, noting that confessions could have been forced. Upon his accession, he was still the youngest member of the Politburo. c. was the greatest scandal of the Reagan administration. From this point on, his career moved very rapidly. b. He was willing to condone illegal activity if it would silence his political enemies. Both as general secretary and as president, Gorbachev supported democratic reforms. Gorbachev sought a compromise between these two diametrically opposed alternatives in vain, and so the centrally planned economy continued to crumble with no private enterprise to replace it. The foundation also tasked itself with monitoring and critiquing life in post-Soviet Russia, presenting alternative development forms to those pursued by Yeltsin. d. were banned from holding public office. He was the eighth and last leader of the Soviet Union having served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991 when the party was dissolved. "[539] b. was revived by second-wave feminists and was expected to arouse controversy, given its lack of support among a majority of congressional Republicans. [244] Many economists proposed reducing ministerial controls on the economy and allowing state-owned enterprises to set their own targets; Ryzhkov and other government figures were skeptical. Mikhail Gorbachev, in full Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev, (born March 2, 1931, Privolnoye, Stavropol kray, Russia, U.S.S.R.died August 30, 2022, Moscow, Russia), Soviet official, general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) from 1985 to 1991 and president of the Soviet Union in 1990-91. The manipulations of the Soviet KGB secret service in Phnom Penh. [544] He claimed that "the essence of Lenin" was a desire to develop "the living creative activity of the masses". [77] At this point he was given better accommodation: a two-room flat with its own private kitchen, toilet, and bathroom. A rising tide of antigovernment sentiment. [262] For the 70th anniversary of the October Revolution of 1917which brought Lenin and the Communist Party to powerGorbachev produced a speech on "October and Perestroika: The Revolution Continues". Gorbachev wanted to secure guarantees that SDI would not be implemented, and in return was willing to offer concessions, including a 50% reduction in Soviet long range nuclear missiles. [295] Pro-democracy students had massed in Tiananmen Square during Gorbachev's visit but after he left were massacred by troops. [475] He repeatedly faced anti-Gorbachev protesters, while some pro-Yeltsin local officials tried to hamper his campaign by banning local media from covering it or by refusing him access to venues. [651] In Russia, he is widely despised for his role in the collapse of the Soviet Union and the ensuing economic collapse in the 1990s. . [534] However, Jonathan Steele argued that Gorbachev failed to appreciate why the Baltic nations wanted independence and "at heart he was, and remains, a Russian imperialist". c. was the greatest scandal of the Reagan administration. [473] He hated the idea that the election would result in a run-off between Yeltsin and Gennady Zyuganov, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation candidate whom Yeltsin saw as a Stalinist hardliner. Who was Mikhail Gorbachev quizlet? On 30 October, Gorbachev attended a conference in Madrid trying to revive the IsraeliPalestinian peace process. By introducing free elections and creating parliamentary institutions, he laid the groundwork for democracy. [216] Taubman noted that the disaster marked "a turning point for Gorbachev and the Soviet regime". Mikhail Gorbachev was a Soviet politician. As a young man, he studied law at Moscow State University. Gorbachev also stated that the attack "called into question the future fate of the United States as a nation". [460] While he still believed that Russia was undergoing a process of democratization, he concluded that it would take decades rather than years, as he had previously thought. a. opposed "authoritarian" noncommunist regimes. 17. [422] Gorbachev attended a session of the Russian Supreme Soviet on 23 August, where Yeltsin aggressively criticized him for having appointed and promoted many of the coup members to start with.[423]. Which of the following statements is NOT true of Proposition 13? Thomas Roser: DDR-Massenflucht: Ein Picknick hebt die Welt aus den Angeln (German Mass exodus of the GDR: A picnic clears the world) in: Die Presse, 16 August 2018. [206] Particularly popular among the Soviet intelligentsia, who became key Gorbachev supporters,[207] glasnost boosted his domestic popularity but alarmed many Communist Party hardliners. While the soviets had become largely powerless bodies that rubber-stamped Politburo policies, he wanted them to become year-round legislatures. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like the former Soviet Union, Cold War, take power and more. [41] In 1952, he was appointed a full member of the Communist Party. [378] Throughout 1991, Gorbachev requested sizable loans from Western countries and Japan, hoping to keep the Soviet economy afloat and ensure the success of perestroika. Gorbachev also moved quickly to shift fundamental political powers to the Soviet Unions constituent republics. e. elevate women to a superior class, allowing women to outnumber men in politics, professional jobs, and higher education programs within a decade. Gorbachev quickly set about consolidating his personal power in the Soviet leadership. In Galeotti's view, Andropov was "the godfather of the Gorbachev revolution", becauseas a former head of the KGBhe was able to put forward the case for reform without having his loyalty to the Soviet cause questioned, an approach that Gorbachev was able to build on and follow through with. [547] Taubman noted that by 1989 or 1990, Gorbachev had transformed into a social democrat. e. ended with the signing of the Camp David Accords. [17] After his December 1938 release, Gorbachev's maternal grandfather discussed having been tortured by the secret police, an account that influenced the young boy. [507][508] In December 2014, he said that both sides in the war in Donbas "have been violating the terms of the ceasefire; both sides are guilty of using dangerous types of weapons and violating human rights",[509] adding that Minsk agreements "form the basis for the settlement" of the conflict. [107] Gorbachev also developed good relationships with senior figures including the Soviet Prime Minister, Alexei Kosygin,[108] and the longstanding senior party member Mikhail Suslov. [233], In January 1986, Gorbachev publicly proposed a three-stage programme for abolishing the world's nuclear weapons by the end of the 20th century. [568] Among his favorite authors were Arthur Miller, Dostoevsky, and Chinghiz Aitmatov, while he also enjoyed reading detective fiction. E. After clearing the bar at seven feet, a new high jump record was set. [549] However, in 2006, he expressed his continued belief in Lenin's ideas: "I trusted him then and I still do". [588] Colleagues were often frustrated that he would leave tasks unfinished,[589] and sometimes also felt underappreciated and discarded by him. The country had elected socialist Salvador Allende into office. [301] In December 1987, Gorbachev visited Washington D.C., where he and Reagan signed the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty. b. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. [395] In November, he addressed the Supreme Soviet where he announced an eight-point program, which included governmental reforms, among them the abolition of the presidential council. The Soviet economy during the 1980s was characterized by all of the following challenges, except: The year 1989 was significant in world history because that year: The destruction of the Berlin Wall was symbolic of: The United States, following the end of the Cold War, has: The trade organization that links Canada, the United States, and Mexico is: Which of the following statements about the European Union is true? Between 1985 and 1990, Gorbachev showed that he was a different kind of leader. Perestroika, the series of political and economic reforms meant to revive the stagnant 1980s economy of the Soviet Union, was developed by Mikhail Gorbachev. Communism collapsed in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe during 1989 - 1991; the Cold War also ended during. Talks are vital, but neither side needs to lose face, says ex-Soviet leader", "Mikhail Gorbachev says Nato is escalating Cold War with Russia 'into a hot one', "The Latest: Gorbachev has high hopes for Putin-Trump summit", "Gorbachev says Trump's nuclear treaty withdrawal 'not the work of a great mind', "Former Soviet Leader Gorbachev Lauds George HW Bush for Political Abilities, Character", " ", "Gorbachev: US-Russia relations of 'great concern' but salvageable", "Gorbachev says U.S. became 'arrogant' after Soviet Union collapsed", " - Solenka.info -", "How Gorbachev's political legacy was destroyed by Putin", "Last Soviet leader Gorbachev, who ended Cold War and won Nobel prize, dies aged 91", "Mikhail Gorbachev, who steered Soviet breakup, dead at 91", "Mikhail Gorbachev, Soviet president who took down the Iron Curtain, dies", ": ", " ", "Mikhail Gorbachev was hospitalized in the Central Clinical Hospital", " ", " ", " ", " : 12 | StarHit.ru", " : ", " ", " : ", " 40 : - TOPNews.RU", ": 40 ", " 3 ", "Gorbachev buried in Moscow in funeral snubbed by Putin", " ", " ", "Russia's Putin expresses deepest condolences on death of Gorbachev -Interfax", "Putin will not attend Gorbachev's funeral", "Praise and Blame: How Russia Reacted to the Death of Gorbachev", "Mikhail Gorbachev, former Soviet leader, dies global reaction", "Message from Her Majesty the Queen to the Russian People", "Mikhail Gorbachev: World leaders react to death of last Soviet leader", "Global reactions to the death of last Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev", "West mourns Gorbachev the peacemaker, Russia recalls his failures", "Reactions to the death of last Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev", "Biden, Putin and other leaders react to Mikhail Gorbachev's death", "Suing Gorbachev 31 years after the USSR's collapse, a group of Lithuanians sought to hold its last leader to account", "Mikhail S. Gorbachev, Reformist Soviet Leader, Is Dead at 91", "Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation & Library", "CIDADOS ESTRANGEIROS AGRACIADOS COM ORDENS PORTUGUESAS Pgina Oficial das Ordens Honorficas Portuguesas", "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement", "Previous Recipients of Keys to the City", "Prokofiev Peter and the Wolf Beintus Wolf Tracks", "Theatre play "Gorbachev" about Mikhail Gorbachev", "BWW Review: Gorbachev at The State Theatre Of Nations", "The Gorbachev Anti-Alcohol Campaign and Russia's Mortality Crisis", Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War, Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union, Bibliography of the Post Stalinist Soviet Union, ? a. accused Reagan of presiding over an "evil empire." Taubman also noted that the former Soviet leader has a "sense of self-importance and self-righteousness" as well as a "need for attention and admiration" which grated on some of his colleagues. He was appointed the First Party Secretary of the Stavropol Regional Committee in 1970, overseeing construction of the Great Stavropol Canal. [541] It was only after initial measures to achieve this proved unsuccessful that Gorbachev began to consider market mechanisms and co-operatives, albeit with the state sector remaining dominant. [594], Gorbachev died at the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow on 30 August 2022,[595] at the age of 91. 56. a. favored abortion rights. a. growing enough food to feed the world's population. c. Gorbachev's refusal to allow reforms. Otmar Lahodynsky: Paneuropisches Picknick: Die Generalprobe fr den Mauerfall (Pan-European picnic: the dress rehearsal for the fall of the Berlin Wall German), in: Profil 9 August 2014. Moving to Stavropol, he worked for the Komsomol youth organization and, after Stalin's death, became a keen proponent of the de-Stalinization reforms of Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev. The Congress passed the reform, undermining the de jure nature of the one-party state. d. refers to the U.S. efforts to overthrow the shah. Gorbachev encouraged Soviets to discuss ways to improve the country . [555] He spoke in a southern Russian accent,[556] and was known to sing both folk and pop songs. [608][609] At the beginning of 2020, Gorbachev was placed under the continuous supervision of doctors. a. It did not result in fewer funds for libraries and schools, as opponents claimed it would. [392] At this, Yeltsin railed against Gorbachev in an October speech, claiming that Russia would no longer accept a subordinate position to the Soviet government. b. [412] The coup leaders demanded that Gorbachev formally declare a state of emergency in the country, but he refused. a. the Viet Cong's policy of immediate execution of defectors recaptured from the South Vietnamese army. All of the following people are former British prime ministers, except: According to the Unit, one of the biggest threats to global security in the early 21st century is: [641] Taubman regarded Gorbachev as being "exceptional as a Russian ruler and a world statesman", highlighting that he avoided the "traditional, authoritarian, anti-Western norm" of both predecessors like Brezhnev and successors like Putin. [334] In May 1987 Gorbachev visited Romania, where he was appalled by the state of the country, later telling the Politburo that there "human dignity has absolutely no value". 43. The Moral Majority: [94], In April 1970, Yefremov was promoted to a higher position in Moscow and Gorbachev succeeded him as the First Secretary of the Stavropol kraikom. Following up on the previous year's Geneva Summit, Reagan and Gorbachev continued to work toward and debate the possible terms of nuclear arms reduction at . e. They said women could already pursue a career outside the home thanks to job training programs. [152], On 10 March 1985, Chernenko died. a. the inalienable rights of man are the foundation of freedom. [450] On a visit to Japan, he was well received and given multiple honorary degrees. d. the Brezhnev Doctrine., The Soviet Union collapsed in part because of: a. the U.S.-led invasion. This granted Gorbachev significant power over the Stavropol region. e. A trade war between American and Argentinian beef producers had escalated to a diplomatic crisis. Conduct a research study about current U.S. divorce statistics, including rate of divorce, reasons for divorce, how divorce trends have changed over time , and why they have changed . [255], In September 1987, the government stopped jamming the signal of the British Broadcasting Corporation and Voice of America. b. During his career, Gorbachev attracted the admiration of some colleagues, but others came to hate him. The major strategic delivery vehicle for nuclear weapons, speaking openly about the soviet union. As democratically elected, noncommunist governments came to power in East Germany, Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia in late 198990, Gorbachev agreed to the phased withdrawal of Soviet troops from those countries. August 1989 war ein Test fr Gorbatschows" (German 19 August 1989 was a test for Gorbachev), in: FAZ 19 August 2009. 19. He ordered permanent military jurisdiction for the nation's air traffic control system. [644] McCauley noted that in facilitating the merger of East and West Germany, Gorbachev was "a co-father of German unification", assuring him long-term popularity among the German people. d. It meant a rejection of Henry Kissinger's "realist" approach to the Cold War. b. finally make women truly equal citizens, a goal set forth at Seneca Falls over a century before. Speaking in late summer 1985 to the secretaries for economic affairs of the central committees of the East European communist parties, Gorbachev said: "Many of you see the solution to your problems in resorting to market mechanisms in place of direct planning. Things began to change in the mid-1980s, especially when Mikhail Gorbachev came to power. Mikhail Gorbachev has been described as "one of the greatest figures of the 20th century" in a flood of tributes from across the world to the man . The "Second Gilded Age": [573], Gorbachev's university friend, Mlyn, described him as "loyal and personally honest". [171] Prominent dissidents like Andrei Sakharov were freed from internal exile or prison. [433] He desperately looked for an opportunity to preserve the Soviet Union, hoping in vain that the media and intelligentsia might rally against the idea of its dissolution. [434] Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Russian Supreme Soviets then ratified the establishment of the CIS. The Equal Rights Amendment: [554] Gorbachev reached an adult height of 5foot 9inches (1.75m). [238], In his relations with the developing world, Gorbachev found many of its leaders professing revolutionary socialist credentials or a pro-Soviet attitudesuch as Libya's Muammar Gaddafi and Syria's Hafez al-Assadfrustrating, and his best personal relationship was instead with India's Prime Minister, Rajiv Gandhi. d. cofounder of the National Organization of Women (NOW). . [368] Domestically, Gorbachev's critics accused him of betraying the national interest;[369] more broadly, they were angry that Gorbachev had allowed the Eastern Bloc to move away from direct Soviet influence. [245] In June, Gorbachev finished his report on economic reform. [209], Some in the party thought Gorbachev was not going far enough in his reforms; a prominent liberal critic was Yeltsin. Select the answer choice that best corrects the flaw. Richard Nixon's appointments to the Supreme Court were intended to: c. lead the Court in a conservative direction. a. was a diplomatic achievement for President Carter. [217] Several days after it occurred, he gave a televised report to the nation. In 2014, he defended the Crimean status referendum and Russia's annexation of Crimea that began the Russo-Ukrainian war. d. made little progress. Without his masterful resolution to the Iranian hostage crisis, Carter's reelection would have been doubtful. Obituary. Mr Gorbachev came into power in 1985 and was recognised for opening up the USSR and for his rapprochement with the West, but . In October 1988 Gorbachev was able to consolidate his power by his election to the chairmanship of the presidium of the Supreme Soviet (the national legislature). [44] After Stalin died in March 1953, Gorbachev and Mlyn joined the crowds massing to see Stalin's body lying in state. [149] In December, he visited Britain at the request of its Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher; she was aware that he was a potential reformer and wanted to meet him. [52], In June 1955, Gorbachev graduated with a distinction;[53] his final paper had been on the advantages of "socialist democracy" (the Soviet political system) over "bourgeois democracy" (liberal democracy). A dedicated reformer, Gorbachev introduced the policies of glasnost and perestroika to the USSR. IT is an unusual event when a Soviet leader comes to call, but Soviet strong men have visited in the past, each arriving with . a. maintaining the purity of cultural traditions. Gorbachev biographer William Taubman, 2017[481], According to his university friend Zdenk Mlyn, in the early 1950s "Gorbachev, like everyone else at the time, was a Stalinist". a. as the only war lost by the United States. [33], In Moscow, Gorbachev resided with fellow MSU students at a dormitory in the Sokolniki District. He did not clarify to whom he was referring. c. supported democratic reforms in Iran. Under Gorbachevs policy of perestroika (restructuring), the first modest attempts to democratize the Soviet political system were undertaken; multicandidate contests and the secret ballot were introduced in some elections to party and government posts. [440] Yakovlev, Chernyaev and Shevardnadze joined Gorbachev to help him write a resignation speech. After we got home, Sherry said, "we should take trips together more often.". 25. The assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem. [115] Gorbachev cherished his wife,[561] who in turn was protective of him. By the summer of 1990 he had agreed to the reunification of East with West Germany and even assented to the prospect of that reunified nations becoming a member of the Soviet Unions longtime enemy, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Mikhail Gorbachev, who ended the Cold War without bloodshed but failed to prevent the collapse of the Soviet Union, died on Tuesday at the age of 91, hospital officials in Moscow said. [479] At Putin's request, Gorbachev became co-chair of the "Petersburg Dialogue" project between high-ranking Russians and Germans. Critics claimed it could never be perfected. [398] His support among the intelligentsia was declining,[399] and by the end of 1990 his approval ratings had plummeted. b. c. Businesses and homeowners benefited greatly from its passage. [572] He favored small gatherings where the assembled discussed topics like art and philosophy rather than the large, alcohol-fueled parties common among Soviet officials. What contradiction did the Reagan presidency reveal about modern conservatism? Gorbachev ordered a commission, headed by Gromyko, to examine their situation. Ronald Reagan's description of Soviet Union because of his fierce anti-communist views and the USSR's history of violation of human rights and aggression. It meant a continuation of the status quo. Environmental issues affect: [10] They had married as teenagers in 1928,[11] and in keeping with local tradition had initially resided in Sergey's father's house, an adobe-walled hut, before a hut of their own could be built. b. Gorbachev worked with U.S. President Ronald Reagan to lessen the political and military tension between the United States and the Soviet Union. [492][493] Gorbachev nevertheless remained critical of Russia's government and criticized the 2011 parliamentary elections as being rigged in favor of the governing party, United Russia, and called for them to be re-held. The new freedoms arising from Gorbachevs democratization and decentralization of his nations political system led to civil unrest in several of the constituent republics (e.g., Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Uzbekistan) and to outright attempts to achieve independence in others (e.g., Lithuania). b. took the United States off the gold standard. Although, on 26 February, his Gorbachev Foundation stated that "we affirm the need for an early cessation of hostilities and immediate start of peace negotiations. I promise to be faithful to the great cause of Lenin and Stalin, to devote my entire life to the party's struggle for Communism. [592] He also thought that by 1990, when his domestic popularity was waning, Gorbachev had become "psychologically dependent on being lionized abroad", a trait for which he was criticized in the Soviet Union. b. instability in Western Europe. Ch. Queen Elizabeth II (who herself died nine days after Gorbachev) in her condolence stated that "through his courage and vision, he gained the admiration, affection and respect of the British people". c. the Democratic Party headquarters. [139] There, he met and befriended the Soviet ambassador, Aleksandr Yakovlev, who later became a key political ally. a. Gorbachev biographer William Taubman, 2017[641], Gorbachev's negotiations with the U.S. helped bring an end to the Cold War and reduced the threat of nuclear conflict. One of the reasons that America won the war Focused on co-operation instead of confrontation in speeches with the USA, tried to build Western relationship and withdrew troops from Afghanistan. Many problems. [499][500][501] He complained that Putin's new measures had "tightened the screws" on Russia and that the president was trying to "completely subordinate society", adding that United Russia now "embodied the worst bureaucratic features of the Soviet Communist party". Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Gorbachev, Evil Empire, Strategic Defense Initiative and more. In 1990 Gorbachev received the Nobel Peace Prize for his leading role in the peace process in Europe. Gorbachev's travels in America. Tens of thousands of protesters massed outside it to prevent troops storming the building to arrest him. His primary domestic goal was to resuscitate the stagnant Soviet economy after its years of drift and low growth during Leonid Brezhnevs tenure in power (196482). Why had it been premature for liberals to celebrate the downfall of their political adversary Richard Nixon? [205] Gorbachev saw glasnost as a necessary measure to ensure perestroika by alerting the Soviet populace to the nature of the country's problems in the hope that they would support his efforts to fix them. d. demanded that the federal government administer all aid, even on the local . c. made Jimmy Carter appear weak and inept. They then moved to another, at Sosnovka, before finally being allocated a newly built brick house. 9. e. initiated the largest military buildup in American history. In the paragraph below, draw a line through any incorrect verb usage and write a correction [515], After the January 6 United States Capitol attack, Gorbachev declared, "The storming of the capitol was clearly planned in advance, and it's obvious by whom." Gorbachev, Tear Down This Wall!: Reagans Berlin Speech, 25th Anniversary of the End of the Soviet Union, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mikhail-Gorbachev, Academy of Achievement - Biography of Mikhail S. Gorbachev, Spartacus Educational - Biography of Mikhail Gorbachev, GlobalSecurity.org - Mikhail S. Gorbachev, Age of the Sage - Transmitting the Wisdoms of the Ages - Biography of Mikhail Gorbachev, RT Russiapedia - Biography of Mikhail Gorbachev, Mikhail Gorbachev - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Mikhail Gorbachev - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Boris Yeltsin; collapse of the Soviet Union. [305] They reached an agreement on notifying each other before conducting ballistic missile tests and made agreements on transport, fishing, and radio navigation. A new high jump record was set, while clearing the bar at seven feet. c. He fired all of the air traffic controllers on strike. Which of the following developed increased economic interdependence between the nations of the world? [360], In January 1990, Gorbachev privately agreed to permit East German reunification with West Germany, but rejected the idea that a unified Germany could retain West Germany's NATO membership. [542] In this, he brought an end to state socialism in the Soviet Union and paved the way for a transition to liberal democracy. a. Reagan's policies enriched investors and CEOs but eviscerated the economies and communities of the industrial heartland. [322] The Politburo ordered additional troops into the city, but in contrast to those like Ligachev who wanted a massive display of force, Gorbachev urged restraint. In the coup's wake, the Soviet Union dissolved against Gorbachev's wishes. d. was the title of a 1980s documentary about "yuppies" who sold out to the financial establishment. Ideologically, Gorbachev initially adhered to MarxismLeninism but moved towards social democracy by the early 1990s.
Powershell Scan For Hardware Changes,
Horsham Recycling Centre Opening Times,
Race Car Decibel Levels,
Articles M