[72], In 2017, Tony Hanley, the firearms officer who recommended the bullets used to kill Duggan, had a mental breakdown and attempted suicide by police before fatally shooting himself. Mark Dreyfus . A third remained in post. Boston College is expected to hire former Iowa State head coach Paul Rhoads, sources told FootballScoop on Friday. [70], Black British novelist Alex Wheatle, who served a term of imprisonment for crimes he committed in the 1981 Brixton riot,[71] asserted that there was "a deep aggravation" that despite many black deaths in police custody there had never been a conviction of a police officer. Do you know this baby? [102] The IOPC (the successor to the IPCC) said in May 2021 that it would not reopen the investigation because there was nothing in the new reports to suggest that the findings of its investigation were incorrect. Officers attached to Operation Trident had Duggan under surveillance; police stated that they suspected Duggan was planning to commit a crime in retaliation for the killing of his cousin, Kelvin Easton,[26] who was stabbed to death outside a bar in East London in March 2011. I can never condone any sort of violence or damage to property, but I think the anger and frustration came out of a lot of different things, with the Mark Duggan case a catalyst. Officer W70 later testified that short-form reports are "deliberately brief". [10][11][12][13], Mark Duggan was born on 15 September 1981[14] and grew up in Broadwater Farm, north London. The brother and drill rapper son of Mark Duggan, whose death sparked riots in 2011, have appeared in court to deny being part of a Selfridges knife brawl in which two people were stabbed. Gangster rap: Mark Duggan with Junior Cameron, left, and Darrell Albert, who are serving life for murder and attempted murder And during the four-month inquest into his death, a torrent of. True False, Parent training and education (coupled with child education) in a community-based setting appear to be very effective. And this is all the more shocking because the police have a special unit, Trident, established specifically to deal with gun crime in the black community. [106] The defendant denied the charge and gave his explanation for the presence of his DNA on the gun by alleging he had been beaten with the weapon by a gang that included Duggan. Rev Betsy Blatchley: The anger and frustration came out of a lot of different things.. At an initial trial of Hutchinson-Foster in SeptemberOctober 2012 the jury failed to reach a verdict. There are similarities to 1985. Seconds after the phone call Mark Duggan was dead, and two days later Tottenham was once more in flames. Were the police under threat? Haroon Siddique, " At the time of the 2011 London riots, Derrick Campbell was the UK tsar for David Camerons government overseeing organised crime, gangs, and criminal use of firearms. ", "Police apologise to Mark Duggan's family for failing to keep them informed", "Mark Duggan death: IPCC says hands are tied over release of evidence", Witness Films Scenes After Mark Duggan Was Shot, Mark Duggan inquest could be shown live over the internet: Officials consider unprecedented move but testimony from firearms officers will not be broadcast, "Mark Duggan shooting: can forensic tech cast doubt on official report? Mark Duggan will be buried on Friday (Picture: Enterprise) In an interview with the Guardian, Miss Semone, 29, who is the mother to three of his children, said: 'When I finally did break the. For the American economist, see, Daniel Briggs, "Frustrations, urban relations and temptations: contextualising the social disorder in London"; in, "Lawful Killing", BBC One, 5 December 2016. While we had mass public disorder spreading across the country, the rioting and looting, there were also some very sinister things going on. Were the police under threat? At the same time, I heard firing from the front. At the time of his death, Duggan and his long-term partner Semone Wilson had three children together aged 10 years, 7 years, and 18 months. We sent messages to them. I saw that Mark Duggan got out and ran. 5:20 PM on Mar 4, 2023 CST. I went to visit him in a young peoples unit, and he was so hopeful and he really tried to turn things around and do everything right, but I just thought this was a young black British man who now had a criminal record and how that was going to affect his life. The sock, with the gun inside, was found out of this box as much as 20 feet (6.1m) away from where Duggan was shot. He also the son of London gangster Mark Duggan. [59] On 31 January 2013, Kevin Hutchinson-Foster was found guilty of supplying the gun to Duggan, during which he admitted using the same weapon to beat Osadebay. Mr Duggan, 29, was killed by police who believed . Children. Mark Duggan is a Professor of Economics at Stanford University and a Research Associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research. The officer who killed Duggan, now known as "V53", later submitted testimony in writing. With dramatised reconstructions of events and interviews with his family and the police. He ordered the material to be disclosed within 28 days. In 2014 I ran the Boston Marathon to raise money for autism research. Weve taken the frontlines in the fight against racism off the estates, from out of the hood and were bringing it uptown. View our online Press Pack. True False, John Bowlby is the person who theorized that children . Mark Duggan is The Trione Director of SIEPR and The Wayne and Jodi Cooperman Professor of Economics at Stanford University. [77], Rioting, arson and looting spread to other parts of London, and to elsewhere in England. [59], On 18 September 2012, Hutchinson-Foster's trial commenced in the Crown Court at Snaresbrook. I couldnt just walk away from that because above Wood Green shopping centre is a housing estate, with about 500 houses and flats. ", "Man killed in shooting incident involving police officer", "Dead man Mark Duggan was a known gangster who lived by the gun", "The street code of vengeance that sparked the riots", "Neighbours' tributes to murdered Tottenham rapper 'everyone loved', "Father dies and policeman hurt in 'terrifying' shoot-out", "Tottenham police shooting: Dead man was minicab passenger", "London riots: the family of Mark Duggan says it has no trust in the IPCC", Mark Duggan shooting: give the IPCC the powers it needs to investigate, "Mark Duggan shooting: taxi driver tells court how police surrounded cab", "London riots: Mark Duggan died of gunshot wound to chest, inquest told", "Update on Mark Duggan investigation including details of ballistic tests", "A death at the hands of police and a vigil that turned to violence", "UK riots: Mark Duggan was nephew of Manchester gangster Desmond Noonan", Man 'Shot By Police' Was Friends With Nightclub Stab Victim, Mark Duggan investigation undermined by 'inaccuracies', The investigation of Mark Duggan's death is tainted. He had a fourth child with another woman, and a third woman was pregnant with his baby at the time of his death. Read about our approach to external linking. Police maintained a low profile. [130] He says that members of Duggan's community feel ignored and lied to by authorities,[129] writing in March 2012: "In August 2011 the word on the streets was that 'they executed Mark'. But I know they purposely stop me more than anyone else. Love you, Sara." British black man shot and killed by police in 2011, "Mark Duggan" redirects here. [104], The firearms officer involved in the operation known only as V53 provided written statements to the IPCC but refused to be interviewed. Adecade after Tottenham burned, social alienation means riots could happen again, Conditions that led to 2011 riots still exist today, experts warn, Mark Duggans family: police lack courage to reopen investigation, Sony told to pay BBC 5m for stock damaged in London riots, Mark Duggan shooting: family settle high court claim against Met, Good Dog review tapestry of Tottenham life on the eve of riots, Ifthe police step up stop-and-search tactics, trouble will follow, Amoment that changed me: walking home through the London riots in 2011, Conditions that led to 2011 UK riots still exist today, experts warn, Mark Duggan was shot and killed by police, largest civil unrest the UK has seen for a generation. Dunn recalled walking to school through a community where Capitol was the center of life. There was tension in the air and a lot of people running around. He fathered six children in total, the youngest of whom was born after his death. According to an unnamed firearms officer at the trial of Kevin Hutchinson-Foster in September 2012, Duggan pivoted out of the cab and pulled a selfloading pistol or handgun from his waistband. Initially the media including the BBC incorrectly reported that one shot was 'discharged from an illegal firearm inside the car'. Police swarmed the girl with shields and batons, allegedly causing head injuries. [49] Other observers state that the rally began peacefully but was incited by the police attack. The witness denied ever making such statements. [46], Initially, a spokesman of the Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC) stated that they "understand the officer was shot first before [Duggan] was shot;"[24][28] police later called this statement a mistake. in 1992 and 1994, respectively, and his Ph.D. in Economics from Harvard University in 1999. They wanted to have something to talk about. It had been fired by the policeman identified only as V53 and had passed through Duggan's arm and then hit the officer. [60] Duggan's fingerprints were found on a cardboard box, which appeared to have contained the gun when he collected it. Mark Duggan was killed by cops in a police gang operation with questions over whether the shooting was lawful. [101] The IPCC announced in March 2013 that it would issue a report in April, for delivery to the inquest in May. Representing the Duggan family, Michael Mansfield QC said the IPCC's position was "utterly unacceptable", and warned them they would be in contempt if they refused the coroner's order. Kemani Duggan, 18, is a member of London-basedDrillcollectiveOFBgoing by the moniker Bandokay. They mobilised their networks, which were strategically placed in different parts of the country, and created the rapid spread of disorder. [150][151] During the inquest Ian Stern, counsel for the police, suggested that the same witness the only one to actually see Duggan being shot had earlier told a journalist that he (Duggan) had been holding a handgun. Had the police dealt with the small group that had originally turned up, we wouldnt even be talking today. I wrote a quick character reference for him and he was sentenced to three months. Therefore the scenario can't be right? When is Eurovision and how do you get tickets? [132], A public inquest on the killing had been scheduled for 28 January 2013. [84] The Independent stated on 8 January 2014: "The authorities wrongly said that he had been hit in an exchange of fire". ", "Mark Duggan's family: police 'lack courage' to reopen investigation 28 May 2021", Officer Who Shot Mark Duggan 'Will Not' Return To Duty, "IPCC seeks increased powers to investigate police", "Mark Duggan 'given loaded gun' before police shooting", "Mark Duggan police shooting: Death was 'karma', Duggan Was 'Given Loaded Gun Minutes Before Being Killed, Police To Keep Anonymity In Duggan Gun Trial, "Police marksman was 'absolutely certain' Mark Duggan was holding gun", "Police account of Mark Duggan's injuries 'differs' from pathologist", "Mark Duggan: No verdict in Kevin Hutchinson-Foster gun trial", "Kevin Hutchinson-Foster retrial set for January", "Man who gave gun to Mark Duggan jailed for 11 years", Mark Duggan shooting still a mystery despite gun supplier verdict: Kevin Hutchinson-Foster's guilt does little to clarify events that triggered Duggan being stopped and shot dead by police, This investigation is about more than Mark Duggan, The shooting of Mark Duggan must be investigated openly, Fresh Controversy Over Mark Duggan Death: Refusal from police officers to be interviewed by investigators is another blow to public trust, Brother of Mark Duggan demands justice over death that sparked riots, Mark Duggan's Sister Urges Police: 'Come Clean! "They know who I am. Moments later Duggan was dead. 2023 BBC. Louisville's Malik Cunningham ranks second with a 4.54 time and Georgia's Stetson Bennett is third with a. "As well as gun crime, he was involved in supply of class A drugs and possession of ammunition", said Detective Inspector Mick Foote. [109] The Police alleged that Duggan had pulled the gun from his waistband and pointed it at police before they shot him. He and Miss Wilson, both 29, had been together since they were 17. [135], Inquest hearings began on 16 September 2013. . When the women left, the police came out and drew down the shutters. [101] Members of the inquest jury may also be kept anonymous. One of those who left said "I have been alarmed to learn that not only have the IPCC broken their own guidelines by giving out erroneous information to journalists regarding the 'shoot-out' involving Mark Duggan and police that didn't actually happen. Hanley described feeling responsible for Duggan's death, seeing his ghost. [27] Duggan was described as having been increasingly paranoid[28][29] as a consequence of his cousin's death. Historic ocean treaty agreed after decade of talks, China looks at reforms to deepen Xi's control, Inside the enclave surrounded by pro-Russia forces, 'The nurses wanted me to feel guilty about my abortion, From Afghan TV fame to a US factory floor. Although a bullet had been found lodged in a police radio, there was no evidence that it had come from the gun in Duggan's possession. [15] Between the ages of 12 and 17, he lived with his maternal aunt Carole in Manchester. Soon after I lost my dad, I started secondary school, but I got kicked out three months after because I couldnt control my behaviour.. [4], He was known to be in possession of a BBM Bruni Model 92 handgun, a blank-firing replica of a Beretta 92 pistol, converted to fire live rounds. Mbappe breaks PSG goal record in win over Nantes. To many, it seemed like another unnecessary killing of a young man found prematurely guilty in the minds of police by virtue of the color of his skin. The disturbance quickly spread and for five nights, London, Birmingham, and other major cities in England were engulfed by fire and violence. I was a volunteer runner for Technology for Autism, Now (TAN) which is a 501 (c) (3) non-profit . Following the anger over his death in Tottenham, London,protests erupted which escalated intoriots across London and other English cities. The circumstances of Duggan's death resulted in public protests in Tottenham,[2] which led to conflict with police and escalated into riots across London and other English cities. We got off and started putting the car out. [138] The IPCC later conceded it had misled journalists shortly after the shooting by saying that shots were exchanged. "[112], Poole also later agreed with the prosecution that if Duggan had turned to face the officer who shot him, his position relative to them would have changed. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. When I came back that evening, there was a car set on fire and shop that was completely looted and wrecked. I know that the London fire brigade had been doing community work and certainly in my time as the station commander at Tottenham, weve done loads of community intervention locally. "[95], On 29 February 2012 the IPCC upheld a complaint that the Metropolitan Police had not adequately informed Duggan's family of his death on 4 August 2011. I think people got involved for a lot of different reasons. [38][39], The police who shot Duggan were part of the Specialist Firearms Command (CO19), accompanying officers from Operation Trident. He fell to the ground. ; The primetime Fox drama Empire aired season 3 episode 2 on September 28, 2016, which portrays Black Lives Matter and police brutality when Andre Lyon is attacked by police officers for moving boxes outside his home, without any wrongdoing. A lot of young people who, rightly or wrongly, felt aggrieved and in some cases left behind. [30], According to one eyewitness cited by The Independent, Duggan "was shot while he was pinned to the floor by police". The police fired twice, hitting Duggan in the biceps and chest, killing him. She said the officer "had an expression like he'd found gold. We went along to a police station and expected the. Id walked down to meet Rob Wickham, who was then the vicar of St Johns Hackney, the big parish church in the centre. [143] Two witnesses testified that they saw a police officer move something from the minicab to the place where the gun was found, 20 feet away from Duggan's body. "[94], Duggan's family stated that they did not trust the IPCC to conduct a fair and independent investigation of the killing and asked for an independent inquiry into the relationship between the Metropolitan Police and the IPCC. [38][52][53][54][55] The gun was wrapped in a sock, a practice allegedly used to avoid leaving evidence if it was used. [3][78] Rioters expressed mixed motivations for rioting, including policing issues, poverty, and racial tension with police. NORMAN, Okla. Tanner Groves scored a season-high 23 points to go with 10 rebounds and Oklahoma rode a hot start all the way, beating No. All the key evidence", Mark Duggan marksman 'got it wrong' over account of shooting pathologist: Professor Derrick Pounder contradicts armed police officer by concluding that Duggan was shot in the arm then the chest, Bullet that killed Mark Duggan 'had only recently been authorised for use': Hollow-point 9mm bullet is designed to cause instant incapacitation and 'mushrooms' in body, inquest hears, Mark Duggan inquest: Armed police 'simply got it wrong: Pathologist professor gives evidence at inquest into death of Tottenham resident, Mark Duggan inquest to hear 'police planted gun' evidence The gun was found 20 feet away from where Duggan was shot dead by officers, New evidence backs theory police planted Mark Duggan gun Witness tells inquest jury officer 'ran from scene with object'", Mark Duggan inquest: Key witness claims police moved a gun AFTER the shooting, Mark Duggan witness says she saw officer remove gun from car: Woman tells inquest she saw officer emerge from cab with expression 'like he had found gold' 10 minutes after shooting, "Mark Duggan inquest: Witness 'saw police drag Duggan from cab' and 'remove gun', Police shot Mark Duggan in back', says taxi driver: Minicab driver giving evidence at inquest claims officer who opened fire 'lost his senses', Mark Duggan inquest: Duggan 'clutching phone' when shot, says key witness, Mark Duggan was holding phone as he was shot by police, inquest hears: Witness says Duggan, whose death in London sparked riots in 2011, had stopped and put his hands up before he was shot, Duggan inquest: police evidence 'fails to explain how gun was found 20ft away': Military surgeon tells inquest discovery of gun behind a wall was unexplained by evidence of officer who shot Duggan, Gun plant claims 'highly offensive' says Mark Duggan officer, Armed police officer admits his account of Mark Duggan killing changed: Officer told inquest Duggan was holding a gun when he was shot by police, something he omitted in initial account, Student protests are changing tack and facing heavy police repression, Protests in London as students make 'cops off campus' rallying call, Mark Duggan Inquest: Jury Begin Deliberations, Mark Duggan inquest coroner tells jury he will accept majority conclusion: Coroner tells panel of 10 jurors they may reach conclusions and findings on which at least eight of them are agreed, Mark Duggan inquest adjourned until next year: Anonymous inquest jurors will return in January to decide verdict, "Mark Duggan Inquest: Why killing was deemed lawful 8 January 2014", "R (Duggan) v Deputy Coroner for North London", "Mark Duggan shooting: court considers appeal against inquest verdict", "Mark Duggan's family lose inquest appeal", "Mark Duggan's family lodges civil claim against Metropolitan police", "Mark Duggan shooting: family settle high court claim against Met 10 October 2019", 20152016 University of Missouri protests, Donald Trump photo op at St. John's Church, 20202023 MinneapolisSaint Paul racial unrest, Rest in Power: The Enduring Life of Trayvon Martin, Stay Woke: The Black Lives Matter Movement, Holding a Black Lives Matter Sign in America's Most Racist Town, Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation, Commission for Diversity in the Public Realm, George Floyd Law Enforcement Trust and Integrity Act, Safety, Accountability, Fairness and Equity-Today Act, List of police reforms related to the George Floyd protests, 2020 deployment of federal forces in the United States, Black maternal mortality in the United States, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shooting_of_Mark_Duggan&oldid=1135484447, Law enforcement controversies in the United Kingdom, People shot dead by law enforcement officers in the United Kingdom, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox event with blank parameters, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 24 January 2023, at 23:19. Read about our approach to external linking. for Children and Youth: An Integration of Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour, and Sleep. He was a defensive assistant at Ohio State in 2020, and the defensive coordinator at Arizona in 2020. [139], The jury learned that Duggan had been killed by a 9mm parabellum, hollow-point bullet, travelling at 870mph. The case challenged the legal standard for self-defence as being incompatible with Article 2 of the European Convention on Human Rights which protects the right to life. Last week the controversial killing of 29-year-old Mark Duggan by police in North London was ruled lawful by a jury. Eight injured police officers were taken in hospital, at least one of them with head injuries. About 20:00 BST, a 16-year-old girl approached them and may have thrown a leaflet or a stone. Talking to one fairly well-educated and well-off anarchist, I felt there was a degree of stirring things up as well. At the time, I was a junior officer at Islington fire station. I remember one of the biggest complaints from the Wolverhampton community was that the police didnt do anything to protect their businesses, because the police thought it was better to protect the new multimillion pound bus station. [16], Duggan had worked at Stansted Airport, and had applied for a job as a firefighter, according to his cousin. Hutchinson-Foster was a north London "quartermaster" who stored guns for gangsters, and in January last year a jury convicted him of supplying Mark Duggan with the gun found at the scene of the killing in Ferry Lane. [33] There was no CCTV coverage of the place where they stopped the cab.[34]. [153], Near the end of the hearings, lawyer Leslie Thomas confronted the police officer "V59" with the possibility that a gun had been planted, saying: "I'm going to suggest to you, V59, that you knew where the gun was before the officers had gone round (the fence), because you, and all of your colleagues had planted it there." [62][134] The inquest was expected to last for six to eight weeks. Mark Duggan, 29, is shot dead by police in Ferry Lane, Tottenham, at 18:15 BST. This had been given to him by Kevin Hutchinson-Foster, 15 minutes before he was shot. Duggan died at the scene from a bullet wound to his chest. The taxi driver told the inquest that an armed officer had threatened to shoot him if he did not stop looking at where Duggan had fallen to the ground and was being handled "quite harsh[ly] and callous[ly]" by officers. And I thought, its not simple at all, its very complex. Mr Duggan, 29, was shot dead by police who . A former US marine pilot fighting extradition from Australia has refused an offer from NSW Corrective Services to move to the "bone yard" among convicted paedophiles, asking to be moved closer to his family. How The Media Shamefully Manipulated Mark Duggan's Death, "Thousands gather for Mark Duggan funeral", "Man dead and police officer hurt in Tottenham shooting", "Mark Duggan death: IPCC appeals for witnesses", "Release of information in early stages of Mark Duggan investigation", "Could the Tottenham riots have been prevented? [92], In response to rumours that the killing of Duggan was an "execution",[93] the IPCC announced: "Speculation that Mark Duggan was 'assassinated' in an execution style involving a number of shots to the head are categorically untrue. His family and friends said that he was not. "[145][146] Miss J was standing 50 metres away from the scene (with a fence in between),[147] and the final IPCC report noted that there were, "many discrepancies between her accounts, which overall lessens the weight that can be attached to her observations, as they render her evidence unreliable and contradictory. In January this year, Sydney's Downing Centre Local Court heard that Australian Attorney-General Mark Dreyfus accepted a request from the US before Christmas to extradite Duggan. [31] Coroner Andrew Walker scheduled an initial hearing for 12 December 2011. [113] The re-trial date was set for January 2013,[114] and on 31 January 2013 the defendant was convicted of supplying Duggan with the handgun. [144] One witness ("Miss J") said she saw the officer pick up the gun, adding: "It will never leave me for the simple reason it's not often you see a gun in broad daylight." But this picture, unearthed by the Mail, suggests his links with the criminal underworld were deeper than first thought. [31] Duggan had been convicted of cannabis possession and handling stolen goods. Can't believe I'm writing this. [20] Duggan's son, Kemani, is a member of the UK drill collective OFB going by the moniker Bandokay. What science tells us about the afterlife. A decade after Tottenham burned, social alienation means riots could happen again | David Lammy, Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning. He had a fourth child with another woman, and a third woman was pregnant with his baby at the time of his death. "I didnt get to experience school like normal people, Bandokay adds. The direction to the jury instructed them to determine whether or not the officer who shot Duggan was acting on an honest belief that Duggan was a threat, not whether his belief was reasonable. We're going to fight until we have no breath in our body for justice for Mark, for his children'. 'Mark was a good dad,' says Miss. These novel guidelines for children and youth aged 5-17 years respect the natural and intuitive integration of movement behaviours across the whole . Mark S Tremblay 1 2 . The mum of Mark Duggan says she has lost hope of getting "justice" for her son after the police watchdog refused to re-open the investigation into his death - on the tenth anniversary of his . In October 2014, the High Court rejected this challenge. The Sun website is regulated by the Independent Press Standards Organisation (IPSO), Our journalists strive for accuracy but on occasion we make mistakes. If you kill someone, you should do the time, just like we would have to do." Mr Duggan, 29, was shot dead by an officer in Tottenham, north London, after police believed he was carrying a gun - his death sparked riots in English cities across the country for nearly a week. [137], Foote denied making the claim that Duggan had fired at police, saying he was "surprised" that early reports of the incident described a "shoot out". Tue, 28 February 2023 8:11PM. The family of Mark Duggan reacted with fury and anguished disbelief yesterday after an inquest jury found that he was lawfully killed but did not have a gun in his hand as a police marksman shot . Pounder testified that Duggan was hit first by a non-fatal shot to the arm, then killed by a second shot to his chest. ", "Things the BBC didn't tell us about the Brixton riots", "We need answers about the death of Mark Duggan", "Police officer says he thought Met armourer wanted to be shot dead", Tottenham riots: a peaceful protest, then suddenly all hell broke loose, Tottenham riot: bullet lodged in officer's radio at time of Mark Duggan death 'was police issue', "London riots one year on: Owen Jones commences a series of special reports", The London and UK Riots: 'It's Not Just Black Youths Involved', "Riots: David Cameron's Commons statement in full". Children Nancy Duggan Melissa Duggan Richard Duggan: Trade Mark (3) Imposing 6'5" height. For other inquiries, Contact Us. We went along to a police station and expected the. At the time of his death, Duggan and his long-term partner Semone Wilson had three children aged 10, seven and 18 months. The ABC sitcom Black-ish featured a debate about Black Lives Matter in the episode "Hope". The shooting of Mark Duggan was said to be the reason for the disturbances but that wasnt the case, it was simply the spark. [140][142], Lawyers for the Duggan family argued that police had planted the handgun found on the scene. But Duggan was not the only person of colour police have killed over the years.. Following the inquest, a case was brought by Duggan's mother to the High Court seeking judicial review, arguing that the coroner's directions to the jury were legally incorrect. And we know what Martin Luther King says, about voiceless people; riots are the language of the voiceless.

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