2005: Earned J.D. Imperial Immigration Court [CA] Almost all of the 17 new immigration judges come with backgrounds as federal, state, or local prosecutors or have strong ties to U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement or the Department of Homeland Security. A new analysis this week by the Syracuse University project TRAC, which monitors immigration court data, found the backlog is almost 1.6 million cases and grew at its fastest rate ever the last. Of course, I have been in front of many other great immigration judges, but I also encountered one judge in the past who was demeaning and unprofessional. STEP 2: Apply for Asylum STEP 3: Fingerprinting and Background/Security Checks STEP 4: Receive an Interview Notice STEP 5: Interview STEP 6: Asylum Officer Makes Determination on Eligibility and Supervisory Asylum Officer Reviews the Decision STEP 7: Receive Decision Related Links Close All Open All Last Reviewed/Updated: According to Keller, McHenry asked her, Does he really need training?. Samuel Y. Kim, Immigration Judge, San Francisco Immigration Court Attorney General William P. Barr appointed Samuel Y. Kim to begin hearing cases in December 2020. He was invested on November 6 and will begin hearing cases this month. Since 2000, it has heard 6,066 asylum cases from Mexicans. Juangrew up in Guadalajara, Mexico, where his family had few resources and he often had to go to school on an empty stomach, he said. 2009-2016: Local prosecutor in Arizona The San Francisco Immigration Court is near the Union Square. from the City University of New York LawSchool, 2019-2020: Deputy chief counsel, OCC, OPLA, ICE, DHS in Atlanta, Georgia From 2014 to 2019, he served as an assistant U.S. attorney, Civil Division, U.S. Attorneys Office for the District of Arizona, in Tucson. 2009-2010: Cincinnati Prosecutor's office Upon receiving a tentative offer, applicants will be provided contact information for the Office of Attorney Recruitment and Management, where they can direct questions about the suitability review process. Legal Aid at Work. 1989-2013: Enlisted infantry soldier in the New York Army National Guard Once a tentative offer is extended, typical time to entrance on duty is no more than 60-90 days so planning ahead to transfer clients or cases will help make that time less stressful for you. The immigration judge tasked with teaching judges about how to determine the credibility of immigrants had a personal deportation rate of 89%, compared with 37% for the comparable trainer in 2016. New YorkVarick Immigration Court [NY] (2) Such political impartiality is required under federal law. Immigration Judge Nicholas Ford is terrorizing the San Francisco immigrant community. Another 35% ended with additional counseling or training of the judge involved. Learn everything you need to know about the court, including how to find it, who the judges are, and more. Also, when locations are advertised at the same time, applicants can choose more than one location in which they are interested. It is also possible that you have inadvertently deleted your document root or the your account may need to be recreated. Its not consistent because a complaint usually starts out with the persons immediate supervisor being told, Marks said. Click here for the news release. The majority come from government. You can't file a complaint one day against a judge and the next day come in with your client and expect the judge to treat them well. From 2003 to 2020, she was in private practice, in San Francisco, including her own solo practice from 2011 to 2013. Swarthmore College ( BA) Balliol College, Oxford ( MPhil) Harvard University ( JD) Jed Saul Rakoff (born August 1, 1943) is a senior United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. 1993-2001: Worked in corporate world, including for a publishinghouse, 2019-2020: Assistant chief counsel, OPLA, ICE, DHS, in New York Lt. Jonathan Scott Simpson '95 has been appointed Immigration Judge, San Francisco Immigration Court, by the Executive Office for Immigration Review. 1981: Earned J.D. Learn how to transfer your case to a different city or state. A dialogue box may appear asking you about encoding. Our fee is only $49 per up to 15 min or $160 per up to 45 minutes for all consultations regardless of thetopic. The word Reviews; Business Tech; Finance; Markets; . 2010-2016: Attorney at the Social Security Administration A federal judge on Thursday rejected a request from Politico and The New York Times to unseal court filings from a grand jury investigation into the Jan. 6, 2021, attack on the Capitol. 2008: Earned J.D. The backgrounds of the judges hired under Trump differed significantly from those named under past presidents. The judges in San Francisco, where I served, were told we could not schedule any cases in 2022 until our calendars showed that three cases were scheduled every day through the end of 2021. Moving your case to a different immigration court can be helpful. . The vast majority of asylum claims are not valid, he said during a swearing-in ceremony in Falls Church, Virginia, according to his prepared remarks. 2003-2012: Assistant U.S. attorney in the Southern District of Ohio and in the Middle District of Florida SAS Output. Immigration Judges are appointed by the Attorney General of the United States to preside over immigration hearings. Appeals are rarely successful. from the University of Arizona College ofLaw, 1998-2020: Judge advocate in the U.S. Marine Corps; including service as a military judge from the University of Puerto Rico LawSchool, 1981-2020: Private practice in Cleveland, Ohio The San Francisco Immigration Court has 27 judges with Judge Elizabeth L. Young acting as Assistant Chief Immigration Judge. Immigration laws are complex, and so it's hard to know if you have an order of deportation. Given the nature of the position, candidates with immigration law and/or adjudicatory experience are preferred, but EOIR also appreciates that some of its finest judges come from other backgrounds and welcomes the applications of all highly skilled and motivated professionals. 2001-2019: Private practice A tentative offer can be withdrawn if a serious suitability and/or security concern is raised during the background check process. 1996-1999: Assistant district attorney for the 34th Judicial District of Texas from the Antioch School ofLaw, 2016-2020: Assistant chief counsel, OCC, OPL, ICE, DHS, in Los Angeles (Adelanto) Keller, the former chief immigration judge, recalled a 2017 conversation about a new judge - a former ICE prosecutor - who McHenry wanted to start hearing cases immediately. Learn what happens at a final hearing and how to prepare. In addition, the Nationals of El Salvador comes in second place with total cases of 2,200. 2003: Earned J.D. If you have questions regarding the Immigration Judge position, please reach out and ask, we are happy to help! Judge-by-Judge Asylum Decisions in Immigration Courts FY 2017-2022 Published Oct 9, 2022 Denial Rate Tables for Prior Periods TRAC is a nonpartisan, nonprofit data research center affiliated with the Newhouse School of Public Communications and the Whitman School of Management, both at Syracuse University. Green card holders in deportation proceedings is very serious. Most of the people that are coming unlawfully between ports of entry on the southwest border are not eligible for any recognized form of asylum, Miller said in an interview. Immigration lawyers can be expensive for some people. 2018-2020: Civilian legal counsel and policy advisor for the U.S. Department of Defense Hesaid he was nervous and exhausted when he stepped into the court on Oct.16, 2020, for his fourth hearing. {"@type":"Review","url":"https:\/\/www.ratemyimmigrationjudge.com\/listing\/hon-jeremy-j-butler-immigration-judge-san-francisco-immigration-court\/#comment-17","datePublished":"2020-11-04T22:04:58+00:00","description":"Seems to be a highly knowledgeable, calm and an extremely fair adjudicator. If you entered the U.S. illegally, you are not alone. AtlantaW. Peachtree Street Immigration Court [GA] I dont think he denies asylum cases because he enjoys denying nor because he is evil, close minded, or exclusionary, said Antonini. Learn everything you need to know about the court, including how to find it, who the judges are, and more. Complaint process is flawed, advocates say. 1996-1994: Sector counsel for the Laredo, Texas Sector, U.S. Border Patrol, CBP, DHS El Paso Immigration Court [TX] The Immigration Justice Program periodically runs legal education events (CLEs) and know-your-rights trainings for lawyers, legal workers, immigrant community members, and other allies and advocates. In the fall of 2020, Juan had trouble falling asleep whenever he thought about his upcoming court appearance in Cleveland, where the only immigration court in Ohio is located. San Francisco, CA 94104. A lock (LockA locked padlock) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. He is now waiting to return to immigration court. Charles R. Davis. Appearing in IJ Fords courtroom was a reminder that immigration courts are arenas ripe for traumatization and dehumanization, especially in the context of xenophobic administrations. Either way, please contact your web host immediately. The Chief Immigration Judge shall ensure that each temporary immigration judge has received a suitable level of training to enable the temporary immigration judge to carry out the duties assigned. subscribe to EOIR's Adjudicator Announcementslistserve. Besides, they help native Spanish people who do not speak English. San Francisco Reparations Committee proposes $5M payout for Black residents,William A. Darity Jr., Professor of Public Policy at Duke University, discusses how a new proposal out of San Francisco could undercut the legitimacy of the reparations effort for Black Americans. Yilun Cheng is a Report for America corps member andcovers immigration issues for the Dispatch. Two of them were dismissed. 2016-2018: Served at the Navy-Marine Corps Court of Criminal Appeals, including from 2017-2018 as chief appellate judge The Trump administration revised hiring for immigration judges to allow temporary appointments before background investigations were completed and gave the EOIR director more control over the process. WASHINGTON An immigration judge in the San Francisco court abruptly quit his post this week, issuing a scathing letter upon his retirement . On platforms that enforce case-sensitivity PNG and png are not the same locations. FY 2015-2020. While judges should not be punished for making a good-faith legal decision, using terms like illegals seems to be a clearviolation of professionalism, he said. 2003: Earned J.D. Dana Leigh Marks, executive vice president of the judges union, said that she received feedback from union members that the new approach to training was too narrow and inadequate for people with no background in immigration law. from the University of Kansas, School ofLaw, 2000-2020: Attorney and military judge with the U.S. Air Force 2015-2019: Assistant chief counsel, OCC, OPLA, ICE, DHS in Atlanta and Lumpkin, Georgia The San Francisco Immigration Court is in San Francisco, California. That statement is misogynistic and very shocking to me.. Visa overstays in immigration court is very serious. Theres a lack of transparency and we dont know if theres any outcome from this complaint, said Julie Nemecek, a Columbus-based attorney who represents Juan. The coalition argues that Judge Fords appointment is part of the Trump administrations deliberate policy to discourage and curtail immigration from every angle, particularly against black and brown immigrants. From 1993 to 1999, she worked in the mobile telecommunications field for AirTouch International (now Vodafone). From 1993 to 1999, she worked in the mobile telecommunications field for AirTouch International (now Vodafone). 404 means the file is not found. Hon. You can schedule a consultation with us on Skype, over the phone, or in person by using our Online Consultationform. Learn everything you need to know about the court, including how to find it, who the judges are, and more. from the Cleveland-Marshall College of Law The lack of a transparent complaint process is especially concerninggiven this influx of new judges, who tend to come from enforcement backgrounds and lack experience on the bench, Nemecek said. If you or your loved one is a permanent resident, and has to go to immigration court, here is what you need to know. Loosely speaking, Immigration Judges decide whether a noncitizen may remain in the United States or must leave the country. The suitability determination is based on an applicant's completed security forms, fingerprint and credit checks, as well as a full field FBI background investigation and tax and bar checks. 2004-2007: Substance abuse and mental illness case manager fornon-profit, 2020: Trial attorney, District Court Section, Office of Immigration Litigation, DOJ 2013-2014: Private practice in San Francisco, California DOJ = Department of Justice 1998-2015: Assistant federal public defender in Portland, Oregon and previously in various locations in Oklahoma from Fordham University School ofLaw, 2000-2020: Assistant U.S. attorney at the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Northern District of New York From 2000 to 2008, she served as a staff attorney for ASK Law Group, in Sherman Oaks, California. But it wont really change anything in my clients case. With Riley, it felt like she just wanted me out. And when there isnt an independent investigatorand you have people on the same team investigating each other, that isnt a fair way to undo the wrong that has been done.. Cleveland Immigration Court [OH] 1992: Earned J.D. 2002-2002: Private practice Hiring wasnt the only thing that changed under Trump. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Seven years of post-bar admission legal experience. RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f Judges hired under Trump were twice as likely to have military court experience, which Reuters found was linked to a higher rate of deportation orders. Just click. A Honduran migrant wears a sanitary mask while waiting in line to plead . Freedom for Immigrants is a 501(c)(3) non-profit based in California. 1984-1988: Army infantryofficer, 2016-2020: Assistant chief counsel, OPLA, ICE, DHS, in Miami and Philadelphia Immigration Judge Thomas J. Mungoven (October Investiture) The likelihood hes going to be able to tackle complicated issues with an oral decision is nil, one staffer wrote. Learn about the penalties for deportations, and how you can still get your papers. All RightsReserved, AtlantaW. Peachtree Street Immigration Court [GA], Falls Church Immigration Adjudication Center [VA], Fort Worth Immigration Adjudication Center [TX], HoustonS. Gessner Road Immigration Court [TX], Los AngelesOlive Immigration Court [CA], New YorkBroadway Immigration Court [NY] (7), New YorkFederal Plaza Immigration Court [NY], New YorkVarick Immigration Court [NY] (2). EOIR spokeswoman Kathryn Mattingly declined to comment on Reuters findings about the Trump-appointed judges and did not respond to requests for comment on individual judges records. The court has considered 45,579 asylum cases since 2000. In December 2019, 3rd Circuit Judge Theodore McKee, who was appointed during the Clinton administration, lambasted the BIA for ruling to deport Nelson Quinteros, a Salvadoran ex-gang member, despite evidence that he would likely be tortured or killed if sent back. Since 2000, it has heard 9,442 asylum cases from Indians. While you should not take any steps before receiving a tentative offer, this would be the time to consider a plan for transitioning from your current position. from the College of William andMary, 1990-2020: Assistant U.S. attorney at the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Eastern District of Texas Currently, 15 organizations provide free legal services for people at the Immigration Court in San Francisco. The attorneys at The Jacobson Law Firm are really the BEST in Los Angeles. The union representing immigration judges is suing the Trump administration over a policy they say censors judges. But we have to address these bad judges.. Batavia Immigration Court [NY] Scott Bratton, president of AILA-Ohio, did not wish to comment on the complaint. Pleasanton Federal Correctional Institution. If this doesn't work, you may need to edit your .htaccess file directly. STEP 1: Arrive in the U.S. Contact the Webmaster to submit comments. New YorkFederal Plaza Immigration Court [NY] 1991: Earned J.D. There should be a very high rejection rate.. CLEs. Grinberg & Segals New York-based immigration, deportation and removal lawyers represent immigrant clients in all fifty states and before U.S. Consulates anywhere in the world. The Orlando Immigration Court decides deportation cases of non-citizens in Central Florida. Please consider making a tax-deductible donation athttps://bit.ly/3fNsGaZ. "EOIR takes all complaints seriously, investigates all colorable complaints, and takes corrective action when appropriate, Montenegro said in an email statement. When he turned 16, he left his hometown and crossed the border by himself in search for a better life, settling in Columbus. 1997: Earned J.D. Some of the supervisors discuss the complaint with the judge immediatelyand others dont. The Reuters analysis found that judges hired under the Trump administration were more likely to order deportation, even after controlling for factors such as when a case was completed to account for policy changes. Therefore, it is highly recommended to use a free lawyer when there is a chance. 2016-2018: Assistant U.S. attorney for the Western District of Texas Grinberg and Segals immigration lawyers are highly skilled and experienced in all areas of immigration law and related federal litigation including Writs of Mandamus and Habeas Corpus as well as APA Action in Federal District Courts, Petitions For Review in U.S. When you encounter a 404 error in WordPress, you have two options for correcting it. One Shields Ave., TB-30 From 2017 to 2021, it overturned about 6,000 fewer deportations than it had in the four years before. On the other hand, Judge Dana has the highest grant rate (91.8%). McFarland residents vow to keep organizing after court lets GEO expand immigration detention, look to incoming administration for support, After about 5 minutes of struggle, they forced my index finger on the paper: ICE Forcing More Asylum Seekers to Sign Deportation Paperwork as Another Deportation Flight to Cameroon Looms. Also, it is near Chinatown. It also accounted for the immigrants nationality and other details about the case and judge. San Francisco Immigration Court [CA] (2) Judge Butler is a member of the Arizona State Bar and Indiana State Bar. By clearing low-priority cases, the American Immigration Lawyers Association estimates this would include at least 700,000 low-priority cases, equaling about 40 percent of the backlog. The competition for these positions can be fierce, especially in popular locations, but there is ongoing need for great candidates. The state court had plexiglass barriers, an air. About the Immigration Judge Attorney General William P. Barr appointed Jeremy J. Butler as an immigration judge in June 2020. 14. HOUSTON . ; On June 24, 2020 we collaborated with NLG-Los Angeles, National Immigration Project of the NLG, and the NLG National Office to provide a CLE on 'Fighting for the Release of Detained . Little was hired for the post by the U.S. Department of Justice and was sworn in on Friday as one of nearly 400 immigration . Find out more about how to prepare for your next immigration court date, and how to give yourself the best chance of stopping deportation. You can get there from Dwight D. Eisenhower Hwy via 3rd street. Moreover, Mexico comes in second place. He was very knowledgeable regarding the case history, law and facts. 1991: Earned J.D. Ford did not respond to a request for comment. When you have a missing image on your site you may see a box on your page with with a red X where the image is missing. Sitting immigration judges are not permitted to speak to the media. Judge Leon Francis, a former military judge, was hired in 2018. He was respectful to everyone in front of him, and sensitive to the respondent's feelings. You can't afford to miss an immigration court hearing because if you do you risk being ordered deported. from Vanderbilt LawSchool, 1997-present: Judge advocate for the U.S. Navy in active and reserve capacities + Coordinator for Santa Clara Law's Externship Program + Creative, competent, and organized assistant + Interested in expression through creative projects, such as video, photo, and marketing Michael Short / Special to The Chronicle 2019. (530) 752-6942. A few years ago, when his case was reassigned to Riley, Juan heard from friends that the new judge was unusually harsh. Ivy league educated but appears to be empathetic to the difficulties the respondents go through when fleeing persecution. Learn everything you need to know about the court, including how to find it, who the judges are, and more. If you entered the U.S. on a visa, and stayed too long or otherwise fell out of status, you are not alone. Those applications that pass the screening will be reviewed, and the strongest candidates will be scheduled for a first round interview. With these new judges and along with significant court policy changes, the asylum denial rate increased from 54.6% in fiscal year 2016 to 71.6% in fiscal year 2020. Find out more about how to get legal help for your immigration case and visit our Immigration Court Page. San Francisco immigration judge begs officials to close her courtroom over coronavirus. The Boston Immigration Court decides deportation cases of non-citizens in Massachusetts. It is unclear why the judge was absent. He is especially unsuited to hear cases involving survivors of torture applying for asylum and other forms of immigration relief. The Arlington Immigration Court decides deportation cases of non-citizens in North Virginia. Three percentconcluded with retirement, resignation or termination, and none gave rise to other disciplinary actions like reprimand or suspension. Do you have one? For example: In this guide, we will discuss everything you need to know about the San Francisco Immigration Court including its contact information, location, processing time, judges, and other important information and data. The training failed to prepare new judges for heavy dockets with complex issues, she said. Some positions are located in conventional courthouse locations, while others are located in detention facilities or in an office complex that conducts hearings through video teleconferencing. Circuit Courts and all administrative appeals Before the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) of the Executive Office for Immigration Review; Administrative Appeals Office (AAO) at the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) as well as before ImmigrationCourtsnationwide. Houston Immigration Court [TX] (2) The case is currently in the appeal process. On November 12, 2020 a coalition of legal service providers, community members, the San Francisco Public Defender, and the National Lawyers Guild - San Francisco Bay Area filed a complaint with the Department of Justice (DOJ) Executive Office for . 2006-2020: Attorney for U.S. Army South at Fort Sam Houston, Texas Dallas Immigration Court [TX] In this example the image file must be in public_html/cgi-sys/images/. Park Amber D. George Susan Phan Louis A. Gordon Immigration Court. Carolina Antonini, an attorney who has defended immigrants in front of Judge John Gillies, a 2018 hire who has a deportation rate of 92%, said she thinks he acts in good faith even though she disagrees with his decisions. Complaint process is flawed, advocates say, Judges concerned about discipline procedures, too, Personnel changes at Ohio's immigration court, Ohio chapter of theAmerican Immigration Lawyers Association, Your California Privacy Rights/Privacy Policy. The administration filled two-thirds of the immigration courts 520 lifetime positions with judges who, as a whole, have disproportionately ordered deportation, according to a Reuters analysis of more than 800,000 immigration cases decided over the past 20 years. Juans case was initially assigned to Judge Thomas Janas, an immigration judge in Cleveland who has since retired. from Texas Tech University School ofLaw, 2019-2020: Special trial attorney, OPLA, ICE, DHS, in Arlington, Virginia, on detail from USCIS India comes in the first place of asylum seekers before the court. sacramento immigration court judges ratings | Perspectivas del Movimiento Cristiano Mundial. That year, two EOIR staffers who were working with Francis expressed concern that he lacked sufficient knowledge to adjudicate fairly, according to chat messages between staffers, screenshots of which were seen by Reuters. 48. National Lawyers Guild - San Francisco Bay Area, Black Alliance for Just Immigration (BAJI), California Collaborative for Immigrant Justice (CCIJ), Bay Area Asylum Support Coalition (BAASC), Dolores Street Community Services, Deportation Defense and Legal Advocacy Project, Democratic Socialists of America San Francisco Chapter, Collective Action For Laborers, Migrants & Asylum Seekers (CALMA), San Francisco Immigrant Legal and Education Network (SFILEN). Learn everything you need to know about the court, including how to find it, who the judges are, and more. 12/31/2020 4:34:37 PM . If judges do their job, he said, the number of illegal aliens and the number of baseless claims will fall.. Falls Church Immigration Adjudication Center [VA] Juan is not alone in his grievances. The October announcement explained that [s]ince Jan. 20, 2017, the [Department of Justice] has increased EOIR's immigration judge corps from 306 to 520 adjudicatorsan increase of nearly 70 percent. In this post, we will consolidate the October 9 and December 18 immigration judge investiture announcements, covering all 34 new immigration judges and listing the immigration courts on which they will serve. But complainants like Juan and their attorneys said they have beendisappointed that their efforts did not lead to any lasting changes and that there was little transparency in the investigation process. Port Isabel Immigration Court [TX] Chicago Immigration Court [IL] Put the custom structure back if you had one. RewriteRule ^index.php$ - [L] This is the third-highest wait time in a state that has 10 immigration courts, and comes in behind Los Angeles and Santa Ana. Reuters spoke with eight other former immigration judges, five of whom served under Trump, who generally echoed her view. Immigration Judge Nicholas Ford is terrorizing the San Francisco immigrant community. For the thousands of noncitizens who appear in immigration court each year, the Immigration Judge is both the face and the representative of the Department of Justice. Stephen M. Ruhle approved the highest number of petitions (44) but still found wanting 76.8% of the petitions he ruled on. 1984: Earned J.D. Learn more about your options in immigration court. Learn what how it will affect you and what you can do to cancel a deportation order. The total number of pending cases is 78,992. As U.S. President Joe Biden works to undo many of the restrictive immigration policies enacted by former President Donald Trump, he will confront one of his predecessors indelible legacies: the legion of immigration judges Trumps administration hired. From 2020 to 2022, she served as a staff attorney in Reuters counted instances in which immigrants agreed to leave voluntarily as deportations. You may get a 404 error for images because you have Hot Link Protection turned on and the domain is not on the list of authorized domains. The fact that these (Trump-era) judges are already in place inhibits him a great deal, Legomsky said of Biden. It was not the first time an administration has been investigated for allegedly politicized hiring of immigration judges. Attorney Advertising: prior results do not guarantee similaroutcomes. There is a fine line between judges taking a harshstance on immigration and their exhibiting unprofessional behaviors, saidPaul Schmidt, aformer immigration judge based in Arlington, Virginia, who retired in 2016. RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d Otero Immigration Court [NM] In a February 2020 letter to the attorney general, the senators cited concerns raised by the immigration judges union, former judges and the American Bar Association. Emmanuel Olawale, a Westerville-based immigration attorney, said he has faced this dilemma firsthand. SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA -- On November 12, 2020 a coalition of legal service providers, community members, the San Francisco Public Defender, and the National Lawyers Guild - San Francisco Bay Area filed a complaint today with the Department of Justice (DOJ . Gillies did not respond to a request for comment. Immigration attorneys dont file these complaints often enough because they still have to practice in front of these judges, said Kocher, whose research focuses on immigration policies. from Brooklyn LawSchool, 2006-2020: Private practice in various positions; including 2017-2020 stint as practice group director with Inland Counties Legal Services, and 2008-2009 stint as staff attorney with Catholic Legal Services Of the 27 of the San Francisco Court judges, Judge Joseph has the highest denial rate (86.5%) and Judge Julie has the second-highest denial rate (86.1%). All judges must be active members of the bar and have seven years litigation experience. 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